Green
synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their applications
synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their applications
A case study of scientific contrast of Green
synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using different chemical methods, Green
synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using physical methods, Green synthesis
and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles, Zinc oxide nanoparticles
research paper views and perspective for students, Green synthesis of zinc
oxide nanoparticles applications, Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles pdf.
synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using different chemical methods, Green
synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using physical methods, Green synthesis
and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles, Zinc oxide nanoparticles
research paper views and perspective for students, Green synthesis of zinc
oxide nanoparticles applications, Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles pdf.
What
is Nanotechnology or Nanoscience?
is Nanotechnology or Nanoscience?
·Nanotechnology is developing field of
science and technology which deals with particles which ranges in size between 1-100nm
known as Nanoparticles (Sharma et al., 2014; Rather et al., 2013).
·Nanoscience is interdisciplinary field
of engineering, chemistry, physics, environmental and biological sciences dealing with diverse kinds of nanoparticles (Teli
et al., 2010).
·The nanoparticles
exhibit unique physicochemical characteristics, for example, optical, mechanical, electronic, and
biological etc. due to their high
surface area to volume ratio this is in comparison to bulk materials with the
same composition (Shipway et al., 2000).
· Due to their peculiar properties, they are being used for
different applications in various fields like Agriculture, catalysis, electronics, environment etc.
·The biomedical
application of nanotechnology is
called nanomedicine which primarily
aims to develop diagnostic and therapeutic approaches treating different
disorders and the design of novel biomedical devices.
· Nanoparticles can easily bind to the cell membrane, receptors, nucleic acids,
and proteins because of their small
size which is the main reason for their wide range of applications in medicine (Winter, 2007).
Different
types of Nanomaterials
types of Nanomaterials
Nanoparticles could be organized into diverse types according to the size, morphology, physical, chemical properties or based on
material from which they are made. Thus, several types of
nanomaterials are polymeric-based nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, metal-based nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, semiconductor-based nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles.
material from which they are made. Thus, several types of
nanomaterials are polymeric-based nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, metal-based nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, semiconductor-based nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles.
A) Carbon-Based Nanoparticles:
· These nanomaterials are made of mostly carbon
material, like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes.
· They are
mostly in the form of a hollow spheres, tubes or ellipsoids.
· Fullerenes
are spherical and ellipsoidal carbon nanomaterials
whereas cylindrical ones are called nanotubes.
· CNTs are
two forms 1) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and 2) Multi-walled carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs).
·Carbon-based nanoparticles have
abundant conceivable applications, including improved films and coatings, drug delivery and in electronics
applications.
· These nanomaterials are made of mostly carbon
material, like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes.
· They are
mostly in the form of a hollow spheres, tubes or ellipsoids.
· Fullerenes
are spherical and ellipsoidal carbon nanomaterials
whereas cylindrical ones are called nanotubes.
· CNTs are
two forms 1) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and 2) Multi-walled carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs).
·Carbon-based nanoparticles have
abundant conceivable applications, including improved films and coatings, drug delivery and in electronics
applications.
B) Metal-Based
nanoparticles:
nanoparticles:
As name itself suggest, these are nanoparticles
which are made from metals are mentioned below
·
Gold
·
Silver
·
Quantum
dots, and
·
Metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide etc
C)
Polymeric-based
nanoparticles:
These
nanomaterials are made of organic substances
·
Chitosan,
·
Alginates,
·
PLGA (poly (lactic
acid-glycolic acid),
·
Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)
etc.
These
nanomaterials are used for are
controlled release of drug, protection of drug molecules, tissue engineering
etc.
D) Ceramic-based
nanoparticles:
·These ceramic-based
nanoparticles are prepared from inorganic
solids which are made of carbides, carbonates oxides, and phosphates.
· They have
special properties like high heat resistance and chemical inertness.
· These
nanoparticles have a lot of applications in the field of photo catalysis, photo
degradation of dyes, drug delivery etc.
E) Lipid-based
nanoparticles:
· These nanoparticles are made from lipid
molecules like such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticle and nanostructured lipid carriers.
· They are used in
cancer therapy (anticancer drugs) and different drug delivery.
Green
synthesis of Nanoparticles:
There are
different methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles like physical, chemical,
and green methods. The physical approach requires the use of expensive
machinery, high temperature, pressure, and large space for equipment. On the
other hand, chemical methods involve the use of toxic chemicals that can prove
harmful to the environment and to the individuals who handle it.
different methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles like physical, chemical,
and green methods. The physical approach requires the use of expensive
machinery, high temperature, pressure, and large space for equipment. On the
other hand, chemical methods involve the use of toxic chemicals that can prove
harmful to the environment and to the individuals who handle it.
The literature
states that some of the toxic chemicals are formed along with the nanoparticles
while using the physical and chemical synthesis of nanoparticles which can be
hazardous when used for application purposes in medical fields. Due to the
above limitations physical and chemical methods are not preferred for
nanoparticles synthesis. So we needed an environmentally friendly and
cost-effective method for the synthesis of nanoparticles to overcome the
limitations of physical and chemical methods Green synthesis or biological
synthesis of nanoparticles is preferred as it is greener, cost-effective and
energy-saving over the physical and chemical methods which have toxicity and
are time-consuming.
states that some of the toxic chemicals are formed along with the nanoparticles
while using the physical and chemical synthesis of nanoparticles which can be
hazardous when used for application purposes in medical fields. Due to the
above limitations physical and chemical methods are not preferred for
nanoparticles synthesis. So we needed an environmentally friendly and
cost-effective method for the synthesis of nanoparticles to overcome the
limitations of physical and chemical methods Green synthesis or biological
synthesis of nanoparticles is preferred as it is greener, cost-effective and
energy-saving over the physical and chemical methods which have toxicity and
are time-consuming.
Green synthesis
of nanoparticles includes the use of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, yeast,
algae and plant extracts which are less hazardous, consuming less time,
co-friendly and less toxic and limit the use of expensive and toxic chemicals (Agarwal et al., 2017). The
different types of Physical, Chemical and Biological methods (Figure 1) for the
synthesis of nanoparticles are mention below:
Methods for Preparation of Nanoparticles
of nanoparticles includes the use of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, yeast,
algae and plant extracts which are less hazardous, consuming less time,
co-friendly and less toxic and limit the use of expensive and toxic chemicals (Agarwal et al., 2017). The
different types of Physical, Chemical and Biological methods (Figure 1) for the
synthesis of nanoparticles are mention below:
Methods for Preparation of Nanoparticles
Figure 1: Different methods for preparation of nanoparticles
Physical Methods for
the synthesis of nanoparticles:
1.
Electro
chemical
2.
Ultra-sonication
3.
Laser
ablation
4.
Evaporation
5.
Condensation
Chemical Methods for
the synthesis of nanoparticles:
the synthesis of nanoparticles:
1. Chemical reduction
2. Sol gel
Biological synthesis or
Green synthesis of nanoparticles:
1.
Bacteria
2.
Fungi
3.
Yeast
4.
Plant
extracts
Green synthesis of nanoparticles:
1.
Bacteria
2.
Fungi
3.
Yeast
4.
Plant
extracts
Zinc oxide Nanoparticles:
- Zinc is an essential micronutrient that plays a
crucial role in various metabolic processes and is the only element present in
all the enzyme groups’ viz. transferases, lyases, oxidoreductases, isomerases,
hydrolyses, and ligases (Auld, 2001). - Zinc plays an important role in the biosynthesis of
carotenoids and chlorophylls that enhances the photosynthetic capacity of the
plant Zinc is connected over 300
enzymes like carbonic anhydrase, dismutase of superoxide, Alkaline phosphatase,
lactic dehhydrogenase etc, (Hambidge et al., 1972). - There have been records of a variety
of metal oxide nanoparticles, but zinc oxide nanoparticles are unique and key
material that possess some characteristic features like it can absorb both UV-A
and UV-B radiations, high excitation binding energy of 600 me V, crystalline
density with a direct band gap of 3.3 eV at room temperature, orientation and
morphology aspect ratio and its finds a wide range of applications in the area
of science and technology. - Gunalan et al in 2012
start that Zinc oxide has been count on as generally recognized as safe (GRAS)
by USA food and drug administration(FDA). - Zinc oxide nanoparticles have drawn the consideration
of several researchers among the metal oxide nanoparticles because of their exclusive
optical, chemical properties and diverse biomedical applications like; they
play the essential role in physiological processes, long term use,
biodegradability, biocompability, easier synthesis and low cost. - The zinc oxide
nanoparticles are commonly used in cosmetics industry like sun screen lotions
due to its UV purifying properties (Wodka et al., 2010).The zinc oxide
nanoparticles has wide range of biomedical applications. - The important
biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles are listed as below:-
1. Drug delivery
2.
Anticancer
Anticancer
3.
Antibacterial
Antibacterial
4.
Anti-diabetic
Anti-diabetic
5.
Immune
therapy
Immune
therapy
6. Biosensing
Figure 2:Biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles
1. Drug
delivery (Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
delivery (Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
· Drug
delivery is one of the innovative methods for the treatments of different
diseases in modern medicine.
delivery is one of the innovative methods for the treatments of different
diseases in modern medicine.
· Therapeutic
drug molecules have many common drawbacks, such as poor solubility,
unspecificity, non-selectivity, rapid metabolism, toxicity, etc.
drug molecules have many common drawbacks, such as poor solubility,
unspecificity, non-selectivity, rapid metabolism, toxicity, etc.
· Nanoparticles-based
drugs system, on the other hand, overcomes the above-mentioned limitations by
gradually and sustainably releases the drugs into the target region of the body
system (Mohanraj and Chen, 2006).
drugs system, on the other hand, overcomes the above-mentioned limitations by
gradually and sustainably releases the drugs into the target region of the body
system (Mohanraj and Chen, 2006).
· Various
studies have shown that zinc oxide nanoparticles based drug delivery has been
used for the treatments of various cancers.
studies have shown that zinc oxide nanoparticles based drug delivery has been
used for the treatments of various cancers.
· Permitting
to Mitra et al., 2012 zinc oxide nanorods containing folic acid and doxorubicin
as a targeting agent have been used against MDA-MD-231 breast cancer cells (Zeng
et al., 2015)
to Mitra et al., 2012 zinc oxide nanorods containing folic acid and doxorubicin
as a targeting agent have been used against MDA-MD-231 breast cancer cells (Zeng
et al., 2015)
2. Anticancer
activity(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
activity(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
· Cancer
is the global health problem arising due to the uncontrolled growth of cells.
Recent studies have shown that besides the use in drug delivery system zinc
oxide nanoparticles itself have been shown anticancer activities against
different cancer cell lines (Bisht and Rayamajh, 2016; Rasmussen et al., 2010).
is the global health problem arising due to the uncontrolled growth of cells.
Recent studies have shown that besides the use in drug delivery system zinc
oxide nanoparticles itself have been shown anticancer activities against
different cancer cell lines (Bisht and Rayamajh, 2016; Rasmussen et al., 2010).
· Permitting to Ahamed et al., 2011 zinc oxide nanorods have been
used against the A5649 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner.
used against the A5649 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner.
· Generation of Reactive oxygen species
and activation p53 and caspases was found to the possible mechanism behind the
anticancer activities of zinc oxide nanorods.
and activation p53 and caspases was found to the possible mechanism behind the
anticancer activities of zinc oxide nanorods.
3. Antibacterial
properties (Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
properties (Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
· Bacterial
infection diseases are serious health problems that cause hundreds of deaths
every year.
infection diseases are serious health problems that cause hundreds of deaths
every year.
· Due to
the development of antibiotic resistance, it’s not possible to treat bacterial
infections with the current antibiotics (Pandey et al., 2014, Yacoby and
Benhar, 2008).
the development of antibiotic resistance, it’s not possible to treat bacterial
infections with the current antibiotics (Pandey et al., 2014, Yacoby and
Benhar, 2008).
· Nano
based drugs offer a new therapeutic strategy against the wide range of
bacterial pathogens like E.coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis etc.
based drugs offer a new therapeutic strategy against the wide range of
bacterial pathogens like E.coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis etc.
· The
antibacterial therapies focused on zinc oxide nanoparticles have become well known
in recent years.
antibacterial therapies focused on zinc oxide nanoparticles have become well known
in recent years.
· Recent
studies have shown zinc oxide nanoparticles generate reactive oxygen species
(ROS) which is the mechanism behind their antibacterial effect.
studies have shown zinc oxide nanoparticles generate reactive oxygen species
(ROS) which is the mechanism behind their antibacterial effect.
4. Anti-diabetic
activity(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
activity(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
· Diabetes mellitus is metabolic disorder
due to the deficiency of insulin and insulin resistance which results in high
blood glucose levels called hyperglycemia.
due to the deficiency of insulin and insulin resistance which results in high
blood glucose levels called hyperglycemia.
· Due to the continuous use of insulin
results with some serious complications in patients like insulin resistance,
brain atrophy, fatty liver etc.).
results with some serious complications in patients like insulin resistance,
brain atrophy, fatty liver etc.).
· Due to
the shortage of zinc there will be growth of diabetes and associated
complications, in such situations zinc oxide nanoparticles based therapy is an
attractive substitute for diabettes (Alkaladi et al., 2014).
the shortage of zinc there will be growth of diabetes and associated
complications, in such situations zinc oxide nanoparticles based therapy is an
attractive substitute for diabettes (Alkaladi et al., 2014).
5. Immune
therapy(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
therapy(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
· In the
past years, immunotherapy using the immune molecules likes antigens, adjuvant
and antibodies has become an advanced approach to combat different diseases (Cho
et al., 2011), but delivery through these molecules in a targeted manner is a
serious concern to achieve the therapeutic benefits.
past years, immunotherapy using the immune molecules likes antigens, adjuvant
and antibodies has become an advanced approach to combat different diseases (Cho
et al., 2011), but delivery through these molecules in a targeted manner is a
serious concern to achieve the therapeutic benefits.
· In this
regard nanotechnology plays a very important role for delivering the different
molecules to their targets.
regard nanotechnology plays a very important role for delivering the different
molecules to their targets.
·Studies
on zinc oxide nanoparticles have shown considerable interest among researchers
in the field of immunotherapy.
on zinc oxide nanoparticles have shown considerable interest among researchers
in the field of immunotherapy.
· Rendering
to, Roy et al.,2014 zinc oxide nanoparticles have shown adjuvant like effects
when administered intraperitoneally along with ovalbumin, it was found that the
serum levels of IgG1 and IgE were raised meaningfully with zinc oxide
nanoparticles based on treatment.
to, Roy et al.,2014 zinc oxide nanoparticles have shown adjuvant like effects
when administered intraperitoneally along with ovalbumin, it was found that the
serum levels of IgG1 and IgE were raised meaningfully with zinc oxide
nanoparticles based on treatment.
6. Biosensing
(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
(Application of zinc oxide nanoparticles) :-
· Biosensors
with high sensitivity and accuracy can detect various biologically significant
molecules Jain, 2007.
with high sensitivity and accuracy can detect various biologically significant
molecules Jain, 2007.
· Biosensing
technologies are used primarily for diagnosis of various disorders, cellular
imaging, nucleotide sequence detection, etc.,
technologies are used primarily for diagnosis of various disorders, cellular
imaging, nucleotide sequence detection, etc.,
· Researchers
have noticed in the last decades that ZnO-NPs can be used for diverse
applications in biosensing.
have noticed in the last decades that ZnO-NPs can be used for diverse
applications in biosensing.
Zinc-Nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and Fisheries Applications.
Below are some of the works related to Zinc-nanoparticles and fisheries which are reported by different scientists across the globe.
- Neeraj Kumar et al., 2018 showed growth performance was outstandingly improved, and anti-oxidative stress (glutathione-s-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase,) significantly condensed in the ZnNPs supplemented groups. Equally, immunological tests such as total protein, albumin, globulin, significantly improved, and stress biomarkers such as blood glucose, cortisol, and HSP70 were the decrease in ZnNPs treatment. Inclusive, the outcomes recommend dietary ZnNPs with less meditation in the diet has a definitive role in the alleviation of abiotic and biotic stress in Pangasius hypophthalmus
- Swain et al., 2018 used ZnNPs and selenium nanoparticles to see their effect on growth and immune responses in Indian major carp fish (Rohu) . The outcome of this work showed increase in growth performance fish, stimulates immunity and enhances resistance to bacterial infection in L. rohita those which are feed with dietary supplementation of zinc oxide and selenium nanoparticles
- By using β-1, 3 Glucan binding protein-based Zinc oxide nanoparticles as a supplemented diet Anjugam et al., 2018 showed potential effect to enhance the immune system and survival of Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophila
- Shahzad et al., 2019 reavled zine oxide nanoparticles have the possible to gather in the gill tissues, causing respiratory suffering such as oxidative stress and genotoxicity in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Highest accumulation of Zn nanoparticles were observed in liver, oxidative stress was maximum in gills and DNA damage was observed in RBC cell.
Key
Terms
Terms
Different types of nanomaterials, Size
of nanomaterials, Morphology of nanomaterials, Physical properties of nanomaterials,
chemical properties nanomaterials, Types
of nanomaterials, Polymeric-based nanoparticles, Carbon-based nanoparticles, Metal-based
nanoparticles, Ceramic nanoparticles, Semiconductor-based nanoparticles, Lipid-based
nanoparticles, Electro chemical Physical method of nanoparticles, Ultra
sonication Physical method of nanoparticles, Laser ablation Physical method of nanoparticles,
Evaporation Physical method of nanoparticles, Condensation Physical method of nanoparticles,
Chemical reduction method of nanoparticles,
Sol gel Chemical Methods of nanoparticles, Bacteria Green synthesis of nanoparticles,
Fungi Green synthesis of nanoparticles, Yeast Green synthesis of nanoparticles,
Plant extracts Green synthesis of nanoparticles, Drug delivery nanoparticles
applications, Anticancer based application of nanoparticles, Antibacterial based
application of nanoparticles, Anti-diabetic application of nanoparticles, Immune
therapy application of nanoparticles, Biosensing application using of nanoparticles,
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract, Green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles using aloe vera,
Green synthesis and characterization of
zinc oxide nanoparticles, Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using zinc chloride, Zinc oxide
nanoparticles research paper,
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extract, Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, Synthesis
of zinc oxide nanoparticles pdf,
of nanomaterials, Morphology of nanomaterials, Physical properties of nanomaterials,
chemical properties nanomaterials, Types
of nanomaterials, Polymeric-based nanoparticles, Carbon-based nanoparticles, Metal-based
nanoparticles, Ceramic nanoparticles, Semiconductor-based nanoparticles, Lipid-based
nanoparticles, Electro chemical Physical method of nanoparticles, Ultra
sonication Physical method of nanoparticles, Laser ablation Physical method of nanoparticles,
Evaporation Physical method of nanoparticles, Condensation Physical method of nanoparticles,
Chemical reduction method of nanoparticles,
Sol gel Chemical Methods of nanoparticles, Bacteria Green synthesis of nanoparticles,
Fungi Green synthesis of nanoparticles, Yeast Green synthesis of nanoparticles,
Plant extracts Green synthesis of nanoparticles, Drug delivery nanoparticles
applications, Anticancer based application of nanoparticles, Antibacterial based
application of nanoparticles, Anti-diabetic application of nanoparticles, Immune
therapy application of nanoparticles, Biosensing application using of nanoparticles,
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract, Green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles using aloe vera,
Green synthesis and characterization of
zinc oxide nanoparticles, Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using zinc chloride, Zinc oxide
nanoparticles research paper,
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extract, Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, Synthesis
of zinc oxide nanoparticles pdf,
Questions
1. How do you synthesis zinc oxide nanoparticles?
2, What is the green synthesis
method for nanoparticles?
3. How do you make zinc oxide nanoparticles?
4. What is green synthesis of nanoparticles?
5. What is the main application of nanoparticles?
6. what are the different methods
of nanoparticle synthesis?
7. Applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles in fisheries and aquactuure
8 .zinc oxide nanoparticles and fishes
2, What is the green synthesis
method for nanoparticles?
3. How do you make zinc oxide nanoparticles?
4. What is green synthesis of nanoparticles?
5. What is the main application of nanoparticles?
6. what are the different methods
of nanoparticle synthesis?
7. Applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles in fisheries and aquactuure
8 .zinc oxide nanoparticles and fishes
Note:
Credit of writing
this article goes to Gulzar Ahmed Rather PhD scholar nanobiotechnology,
Department of Biomedical engineering Sathyabama institute of science and
Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu-600119 India
this article goes to Gulzar Ahmed Rather PhD scholar nanobiotechnology,
Department of Biomedical engineering Sathyabama institute of science and
Technology, Chennai Tamil Nadu-600119 India