What is the primary greenhouse gas responsible for recent climate change? a) Methane (CH₄) b) Carbon dioxide (CO₂) c) Nitrous oxide (N₂O) d) Water vapor (H₂O) Answer: b) Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of climate change on oceans? a) Ocean acidification b) Sea-level rise c) Increased salinity d) Coral bleaching Answer: c) Increased salinity
What is the main cause of ocean acidification? a) Increased CO₂ dissolving in seawater b) Overfishing c) Oil spills d) Plastic pollution Answer: a) Increased CO₂ dissolving in seawater
Which process describes the movement of warmer, less dense water rising and colder, denser water sinking? a) Upwelling b) Thermohaline circulation c) El Niño d) Downwelling Answer: b) Thermohaline circulation
What is the approximate increase in global average temperature since the pre-industrial era? a) 0.5°C b) 1.2°C c) 2.0°C d) 3.5°C Answer: b) 1.2°C
How does warming ocean temperatures affect fish distribution? a) Fish move toward the equator b) Fish move toward the poles c) Fish stay in the same regions d) Fish migrate to deeper waters only Answer: b) Fish move toward the poles
Which of the following fish species is most vulnerable to warming waters? a) Tropical tuna b) Arctic cod c) Salmon d) Sardines Answer: b) Arctic cod
What is the expected impact of climate change on global fish catch potential by 2050? a) Increase by 20% b) Decrease by 10-30% c) Remain the same d) Increase in tropics, decrease in temperate zones Answer: b) Decrease by 10-30%
How does ocean acidification affect shellfish? a) Enhances shell growth b) Weakens shell formation due to reduced carbonate ions c) No effect d) Increases their reproductive rate Answer: b) Weakens shell formation due to reduced carbonate ions
Which phenomenon disrupts upwelling, affecting fish productivity? a) La Niña b) El Niño c) Monsoon d) Cyclones Answer: b) El Niño
Which of the following is an adaptation strategy for fisheries under climate change? a) Expanding fishing efforts in vulnerable areas b) Implementing dynamic ocean management c) Increasing bottom trawling d) Ignoring shifting fish stocks Answer: b) Implementing dynamic ocean management
How can aquaculture help mitigate climate impacts on fisheries? a) By increasing wild fish exploitation b) By reducing dependence on wild stocks c) By promoting overfishing d) By ignoring water quality Answer: b) By reducing dependence on wild stocks
Which international agreement addresses climate change impacts on oceans? a) CITES b) Paris Agreement c) Kyoto Protocol d) UNCLOS Answer: b) Paris Agreement
What is “blue carbon” in the context of climate change mitigation? a) Carbon stored in marine ecosystems like mangroves and seagrasses b) Carbon from fossil fuels c) Carbon in fish bones d) Carbon in plastic waste Answer: a) Carbon stored in marine ecosystems like mangroves and seagrasses
Which fishing practice is most climate-resilient? a) Bottom trawling b) Longline fishing c) Small-scale selective fishing d) Drift netting Answer: c) Small-scale selective fishing
What is the primary driver of sea-level rise? a) Melting glaciers and ice sheets b) Increased rainfall c) Ocean currents slowing down d) Volcanic eruptions Answer: a) Melting glaciers and ice sheets
How does deoxygenation (loss of oxygen) affect marine life? a) Increases fish growth b) Creates dead zones where fish cannot survive c) Enhances coral reefs d) No impact Answer: b) Creates dead zones where fish cannot survive
Which of the following best describes “thermal expansion” in oceans? a) Water contracts as it warms b) Water expands as it warms, contributing to sea-level rise c) Ice formation increases d) Salinity decreases Answer: b) Water expands as it warms, contributing to sea-level rise
How does climate change affect the frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs)? a) Decreases them b) Increases them due to warmer waters c) No effect d) Makes them occur only in polar regions Answer: b) Increases them due to warmer waters
Which marine species is most affected by coral bleaching? a) Deep-sea fish b) Pelagic tuna c) Reef-associated fish d) Arctic krill Answer: c) Reef-associated fish
Which group is most vulnerable to climate-induced fishery declines? a) Industrial fishing corporations b) Small-scale fishers in developing countries c) Aquaculture farms d) Recreational fishers Answer: b) Small-scale fishers in developing countries
What is the role of the FAO in climate change and fisheries? a) Promoting fossil fuel use b) Providing guidelines for sustainable fisheries under climate change c) Ignoring climate impacts d) Encouraging overfishing Answer: b) Providing guidelines for sustainable fisheries under climate change
Which policy tool helps manage fish stocks under climate uncertainty? a) Fixed catch quotas b) Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) c) Banning all fishing d) Subsidizing overfishing Answer: b) Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM)
How does climate change affect fish market prices? a) Prices decrease due to abundance b) Prices increase due to reduced supply c) No effect d) Only affects luxury fish Answer: b) Prices increase due to reduced supply
Which country is most affected by climate-induced fishery shifts? a) Landlocked nations b) Small island developing states (SIDS) c) Desert regions d) Arctic countries only Answer: b) Small island developing states (SIDS)
Which region is experiencing the fastest warming, affecting cold-water fisheries? a) Tropics b) Arctic c) Temperate zones d) Southern Ocean Answer: b) Arctic
How is climate change affecting the productivity of the Humboldt Current system? a) Increasing anchovy stocks b) Decreasing productivity due to weakened upwelling c) No impact d) Causing jellyfish blooms Answer: b) Decreasing productivity due to weakened upwelling
Which fish species in the North Atlantic is shifting northward due to warming? a) Atlantic cod b) Pacific salmon c) Yellowfin tuna d) Anchovies Answer: a) Atlantic cod
What is a major climate threat to coral reef fisheries in Southeast Asia? a) Overfishing only b) Ocean acidification and bleaching c) Increased ice cover d) Reduced rainfall Answer: b) Ocean acidification and bleaching
How does melting Arctic ice affect commercial fisheries? a) Opens new fishing grounds but risks ecosystem disruption b) Reduces fish migration c) Increases salinity, harming fish d) No significant effect Answer: a) Opens new fishing grounds but risks ecosystem disruption
The collapse of the Peruvian anchoveta fishery in 1972 was linked to: a) Overfishing only b) El Niño event c) Oil spills d) Plastic pollution Answer: b) El Niño event
Which country’s fisheries are highly vulnerable to sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion? a) Bangladesh b) Mongolia c) Switzerland d) Saudi Arabia Answer: a) Bangladesh
The decline of Atlantic salmon in Europe is partly due to: a) Warmer river temperatures b) Increased ice cover c) Reduced ocean CO₂ d) More upwelling Answer: a) Warmer river temperatures
How did the 2015-16 global coral bleaching event impact Pacific Island fisheries? a) Boosted fish catches b) Reduced reef fish abundance c) Increased tuna migration d) No effect Answer: b) Reduced reef fish abundance
The “Blob” (2013-2016 Pacific warm anomaly) caused: a) Massive phytoplankton blooms b) Seabird die-offs and fishery closures c) Increased Arctic cod populations d) Cooling of the California Current Answer: b) Seabird die-offs and fishery closures
Which technology helps track fish migration shifts due to climate change? a) Satellite tagging b) Bottom trawling c) Fish aggregating devices (FADs) d) Drift nets Answer: a) Satellite tagging
What is “climate-smart aquaculture”? a) Farming species resilient to temperature changes b) Increasing fossil fuel use c) Ignoring water quality d) Only farming carnivorous fish Answer: a) Farming species resilient to temperature changes
How can marine protected areas (MPAs) help fisheries adapt to climate change? a) By allowing overfishing in reserves b) By providing refuges for fish stocks to recover c) By increasing ocean acidification d) By banning all fishing forever Answer: b) By providing refuges for fish stocks to recover
Which fishing gear reduces bycatch and ecosystem damage? a) Bottom trawls b) Gillnets c) Selective longlines with circle hooks d) Dynamite fishing Answer: c) Selective longlines with circle hooks
What role do artificial reefs play in climate adaptation? a) They replace natural reefs entirely b) They provide habitat for fish displaced by warming c) They increase ocean acidification d) They attract only invasive species Answer: b) They provide habitat for fish displaced by warming
Under RCP 8.5 (high emissions), what is projected for tropical fisheries by 2100? a) Catches increase by 50% b) Catches decline by 40-60% c) No change d) Only cold-water species thrive Answer: b) Catches decline by 40-60%
Which region may see increased fish productivity due to climate change? a) Tropics b) High-latitude oceans (e.g., Barents Sea) c) Equatorial Pacific d) Indian Ocean dead zones Answer: b) High-latitude oceans (e.g., Barents Sea)
How will ocean stratification affect fisheries? a) Enhances nutrient mixing b) Reduces surface nutrient availability, lowering productivity c) Increases upwelling d) No impact Answer: b) Reduces surface nutrient availability, lowering productivity
What is a potential socio-economic impact of fish stock shifts? a) Reduced conflicts between nations b) Increased disputes over fishing boundaries c) Stable fish prices d) No effect on livelihoods Answer: b) Increased disputes over fishing boundaries
Which factor is likely to worsen with climate change, affecting fish health? a) Reduced disease outbreaks b) Increased marine pathogens c) Stronger fish immune systems d) Fewer harmful algal blooms Answer: b) Increased marine pathogens
How does climate change threaten global seafood security? a) By increasing fish stocks everywhere b) By reducing catches, especially in tropical regions c) Only affecting luxury species d) No significant impact Answer: b) By reducing catches, especially in tropical regions
Which policy framework addresses climate-fisheries interactions? a) CITES b) IPCC Special Report on Oceans and Cryosphere c) Montreal Protocol d) Basel Convention Answer: b) IPCC Special Report on Oceans and Cryosphere
What is the “Paris Agreement’s” relevance to fisheries? a) It bans all fishing b) It promotes climate adaptation in fisheries c) It ignores oceans d) It subsidizes fossil fuels Answer: b) It promotes climate adaptation in fisheries
Which group is most reliant on fish for protein and thus vulnerable to climate impacts? a) Urban populations b) Coastal communities in developing countries c) Livestock farmers d) Arctic indigenous peoples only Answer: b) Coastal communities in developing countries
What is a key adaptation strategy for fishers facing stock shifts? a) Ignoring changes b) Diversifying target species c) Increasing fuel subsidies d) Fishing in protected areas Answer: b) Diversifying target species
What is the primary cause of expanding oceanic dead zones? a) Overfishing b) Nutrient runoff + warming waters reducing oxygen solubility c) Increased ocean circulation d) Coral reef growth Answer: b) Nutrient runoff + warming waters reducing oxygen solubility
Which fish group is most vulnerable to deoxygenation? a) Fast-swimming pelagic fish (e.g., tuna) b) Benthic invertebrates (e.g., crabs) c) Air-breathing marine mammals d) Intertidal algae Answer: a) Fast-swimming pelagic fish (high oxygen demand)
The “oxygen minimum zone” (OMZ) expansion is worst in: a) Polar seas b) Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans c) Atlantic gyres d) Coastal upwelling zones only Answer: b) Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans
How does deoxygenation affect fish body size? a) Promotes gigantism b) Reduces average size (stunting) c) No effect d) Increases size in warm waters Answer: b) Reduces average size (stunting)
Which mitigation strategy can reduce dead zones? a) Increasing fertilizer use in agriculture b) Reducing nitrogen runoff from farms c) Expanding bottom trawling d) Dumping iron into oceans Answer: b) Reducing nitrogen runoff from farms
Why are women in small-scale fisheries disproportionately affected by climate change? a) They dominate industrial fishing b) They rely on near-shore resources vulnerable to climate shocks c) They avoid fishing during storms d) They focus only on aquaculture Answer: b) They rely on near-shore resources vulnerable to climate shocks
How does climate change alter women’s roles in fisheries post-harvest? a) Increases their access to deep-sea fishing b) Reduces fish availability, increasing their unpaid labor in processing c) Eliminates gender disparities d) No impact Answer: b) Reduces fish availability, increasing unpaid labor
Which policy approach promotes gender equity in climate-adapted fisheries? a) Ignoring gender differences b) Including women in decision-making on resource management c) Banning women from fishing d) Focusing only on industrial fisheries Answer: b) Including women in decision-making
Climate-induced male migration in fishing communities often leads to: a) Reduced women’s workload b) Feminization of fisheries (women taking on more roles) c) No change in gender roles d) Increased child labor only Answer: b) Feminization of fisheries
Which UN agreement explicitly links gender, climate, and fisheries? a) SDG 14 (Life Below Water) + SDG 5 (Gender Equality) b) Kyoto Protocol c) Basel Convention d) CITES Answer: a) SDG 14 + SDG 5
How do fish contribute to the “biological carbon pump”? a) By exhaling CO₂ b) By transporting carbon to depth via fecal pellets and diel migration c) By increasing ocean acidity d) By preventing phytoplankton growth Answer: b) Transporting carbon to depth
Which fish group is most efficient at carbon sequestration? a) Benthic flatfish b) Mesopelagic lanternfish (dominant in twilight zone) c) Coral reef fish d) Surface-dwelling jellyfish Answer: b) Mesopelagic lanternfish
Overfishing mesopelagic fish could: a) Enhance carbon storage b) Disrupt the carbon pump, reducing sequestration c) Increase ocean oxygen d) No climate impact Answer: b) Disrupt the carbon pump
“Blue carbon” ecosystems (mangroves, seagrasses) store __ times more carbon per area than terrestrial forests. a) 2-3x b) 5-10x c) 20-50x d) 100x Answer: b) 5-10x
How does trawling impact seabed carbon stores? a) Releases buried CO₂ into the water column b) Increases carbon sequestration c) No effect d) Promotes seagrass growth Answer: a) Releases buried CO₂
What are “climate refugia” in marine systems? a) Areas where species go extinct first b) Zones buffered from climate change (e.g., deep trenches, upwelling shadows) c) Only coral reefs d) Artificial reefs Answer: b) Zones buffered from climate change
Which region is a potential climate refuge for coral reefs? a) Equatorial Pacific b) Eastern Tropical Pacific (cooler upwelled waters) c) Arctic Ocean d) Baltic Sea Answer: b) Eastern Tropical Pacific
How can fisheries management protect climate refugia? a) By banning fishing in refugia zones b) Ignoring them in marine planning c) Increasing trawling in refugia d) Only protecting surface waters Answer: a) Banning fishing in refugia zones
Deep-sea coral reefs are refugia because they: a) Are immune to acidification b) Experience slower temperature changes than shallow reefs c) Cannot host any fish species d) Only exist in the Arctic Answer: b) Experience slower temperature changes
Which tool identifies climate refugia for conservation planning? a) Species distribution models (SDMs) b) Fish aggregating devices (FADs) c) Trawl nets d) Satellite altimetry only Answer: a) Species distribution models (SDMs)
The “borealization” of Arctic fisheries refers to: a) Replacement of Arctic species by temperate species moving north b) Increased ice cover c) Decline in all fish stocks d) Acidification only Answer: a) Replacement of Arctic species by temperate species
How does the “Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)” slowdown affect fisheries? a) Increases productivity in the North Atlantic b) Reduces nutrient supply, disrupting food webs c) No impact d) Causes tropical species to move south Answer: b) Reduces nutrient supply
Poleward shifts in fish distributions are __ km per decade on average. a) 5-10 km b) 50-80 km c) 200-300 km d) 500+ km Answer: b) 50-80 km
Which phytoplankton group is favored under climate change, altering food webs? a) Diatoms b) Coccolithophores c) Cyanobacteria (smaller, less nutritious) d) Macroalgae Answer: c) Cyanobacteria
“Stratification” reduces productivity by: a) Enhancing upwelling b) Limiting nutrient mixing to surface waters c) Increasing oxygen d) Cooling deep oceans Answer: b) Limiting nutrient mixing
How does Indigenous knowledge aid climate adaptation in fisheries? a) By ignoring traditional practices b) Through observations of species phenology and local refugia c) Only in Arctic regions d) By promoting trawling Answer: b) Observations of phenology/refugia
The “fishing down the food web” phenomenon worsens under climate change because: a) Fishers target smaller, lower-trophic species as large fish decline b) Trophic pyramids become more stable c) No linkage exists d) Only affects freshwater systems Answer: a) Targeting smaller species
How does Indigenous knowledge contribute to climate-resilient fisheries? a) By documenting long-term species behavior and refugia b) By promoting industrial fishing techniques c) Ignoring seasonal changes d) Relying solely on satellite data Answer: a) Documenting long-term species behavior and refugia
The “Te Arawa” people of New Zealand adapt to warming lakes by: a) Switching from trout to traditional species like kōura (crayfish) b) Increasing use of gillnets c) Abandoning fishing altogether d) Importing tropical fish Answer: a) Switching to traditional species like kōura
Indigenous “seawatching” practices in the Pacific help predict: a) Stock market trends b) Cyclones and fish migration shifts c) Ocean acidification pH levels d) Plastic pollution hotspots Answer: b) Cyclones and fish migration shifts
Why is Indigenous knowledge often excluded from fisheries policy? a) Perceived as “unscientific” b) It dominates IPCC reports c) It aligns perfectly with industrial fishing d) It’s only relevant in deserts Answer: a) Perceived as “unscientific”
The “Inuit Sentinel” program in Canada is an example of: a) Using Indigenous observations to monitor Arctic ecosystem changes b) A new trawling technology c) A deep-sea mining initiative d) Banning traditional fishing Answer: a) Indigenous monitoring of Arctic changes
The “RBFM” (Risk-Based Fisheries Management) framework prioritizes: a) Ignoring climate uncertainty b) Managing stocks based on climate vulnerability assessments c) Subsidizing overfishing d) Fixing quotas to 1950s levels Answer: b) Climate vulnerability assessments
How does climate change affect the discount rate in fishery economics? a) Encourages short-term exploitation (higher discounting) b) Promotes long-term conservation (lower discounting) c) No impact d) Only relevant to aquaculture Answer: a) Short-term exploitation (higher discounting)
The “Pella-Tomlinson” model is used to: a) Predict stock collapses under climate stressors b) Design fishing gear c) Measure ocean acidity d) Track bird migrations Answer: a) Predict stock collapses under climate stressors
Climate-related “fish price shocks” disproportionately affect: a) High-income countries b) Low-income fish-dependent communities c) Only tuna markets d) No one; prices are stable Answer: b) Low-income fish-dependent communities
The “Green Paradox” in fisheries refers to: a) Fishers exploiting stocks faster anticipating future restrictions b) Ocean acidification benefits c) Coral reefs growing under warming d) Government subsidies reducing catches Answer: a) Preemptive overfishing due to policy fears
The “Arctic fishing moratorium” (2018) aims to prevent: a) Overexploitation of newly accessible stocks due to ice melt b) Deep-sea mining c) Indigenous fishing rights d) Oil spills Answer: a) Overexploitation of new stocks
Why do “transboundary fish stocks” create climate policy conflicts? a) Shifting stocks cross EEZ boundaries, causing allocation disputes b) They only exist in the high seas c) No international laws exist d) They’re unaffected by warming Answer: a) Allocation disputes due to shifting stocks
The “PSMA” (Port State Measures Agreement) combats: a) Illegal fishing exacerbated by climate-driven stock shifts b) Ocean acidification c) Coral bleaching d) Aquaculture pollution Answer: a) Illegal fishing due to stock shifts
Which treaty governs fishing in the high seas under climate change? a) UNFCCC b) UNCLOS + BBNJ Agreement (2023) c) CITES d) Kyoto Protocol Answer: b) UNCLOS + BBNJ Agreement
Climate-induced “fisher migration” (e.g., Senegal to Europe) is driven by: a) Declining catches + economic desperation b) Increased fish abundance c) Government incentives to leave d) No connection to fisheries Answer: a) Declining catches + desperation
AI-powered “Fisher’s Eye” tools help: a) Predict optimal fishing zones using SST and chlorophyll data b) Design trawl nets c) Increase bycatch d) Track ocean acidification Answer: a) Predict fishing zones using satellite data
Environmental DNA (eDNA) aids climate adaptation by: a) Detecting species shifts in warming waters b) Measuring salinity c) Increasing fish growth rates d) Replacing all traditional surveys Answer: a) Detecting species shifts
“Smart buoys” with sensors monitor: a) Real-time temperature, O₂, and fish acoustics b) Only ship traffic c) Plastic waste d) Bird migrations Answer: a) Real-time temperature/O₂/fish data
Blockchain in fisheries addresses climate challenges by: a) Ensuring traceability to combat illegal fishing b) Increasing fuel use c) Promoting overfishing d) Ignoring stock shifts Answer: a) Traceability to combat illegality
“Omics” technologies (genomics, proteomics) help: a) Identify climate-resilient fish stocks for breeding b) Design fishing gear c) Measure ocean pH d) Track fishing vessels Answer: a) Identify resilient stocks
“Climate justice” in fisheries emphasizes: a) Equitable burden-sharing for vulnerable small-scale fishers b) Industrial fleets’ rights to expand c) Ignoring Indigenous rights d) Prioritizing Arctic drilling Answer: a) Equity for vulnerable fishers
The “precautionary principle” in climate-fisheries policy means: a) Avoiding action until 100% certainty is achieved b) Taking preventive measures despite uncertainty c) Banning all fishing d) Only protecting charismatic species Answer: b) Preventive measures despite uncertainty
By 2100, the “tropicalization” of temperate fisheries will likely: a) Increase invasive species (e.g., lionfish in Mediterranean) b) Restore Arctic cod dominance c) Have no ecological impact d) Cool equatorial oceans Answer: a) Increase invasives (e.g., lionfish)
The “Blue Economy” concept risks: a) Greenwashing unsustainable industrial fishing b) Exclusively supporting small-scale fishers c) Ignoring climate change d) Banning all marine activities Answer: a) Greenwashing industrial fishing
The most critical need for climate-ready fisheries is: a) Integrated policies (ecological + social + economic) b) Doubling fishing subsidies c) Ignoring traditional knowledge d) Focusing only on aquaculture Answer: a) Integrated policies
