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8610
Solved Paper
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Q#1: Discuss
the factor which contribute to growth and development. How can a school enhance
physical and intellectual development of the students?
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A) factor which
contribute to growth and development
A continual
interaction of genes, hormones, nutrition, and other variables helps to
preserve the integrated character of development and maturation. Physical
performance is also influenced by these elements. Some of them are inherited.
For the last 100 years, researchers have concentrated on the effects of social
and economic variables, family and household features, urbanization /
modernization, nutrition, and physical environment features such as altitude
and temperature on human physical growth and development. Nutrition, parental
behaviors, parenting, social and cultural practices, and the environment are
the five key components identified as contributing to early childhood growth
and development. the environment Economic development and growth are impacted
by four variables, according to economists: human resources, physical capital,
natural resources, and technology. These challenges are given a lot of
attention by governments in industrialized countries. Both nature (what your
kid is born with; his inherited characteristics and capabilities) and parenting
(what your child experiences, the care he receives, and the interactions he has
with people) have an influence on your kid’s brain development. Students learn
about the four essential stages of human growth and development in these
lessons: infancy (birth to two years), early childhood (3 to 8 years), middle
childhood (9 to 11 years), and adolescence (13 to 18 years) (12 to 18 years).
The cephalocaudal
principle, the proximal distal principle, and the orthogenetic principle are
the three growth and development principles. We can anticipate how and when
most youngsters will develop specific features thanks to these predictable
patterns of growth and development. Genetics, environmental influences, parenting
methods, friends, teachers, schools, and society in general are just a few of
the primary components that interact in unique ways to shape how a kid and
other people grow. that it will become one day Malnutrition causes children to
have less energy and enthusiasm in studying during childhood, which has a
detrimental impact on cognitive development and academic achievement.
Malnutrition also has an impact on physical growth and maturation, influencing
growth rate, body weight, and, eventually, height.
The principles which
contribute for growth and development
Development is Continuous
Development is Gradual
Development is Sequential
Rate of Development Varies Person to
Person
Development Proceeds from General to
Specific
Most Traits are Correlated in Development and
Others.
Factors that
affecting for Growth and Development of a Child
Parents’ education.
Family income.
The number of parents in the home.
Access to books and play materials.
Stability of home life.
Going to preschool.
Quality of child care.
Stress levels and exposure to stress (in the
womb, as an infant, and as a child)
Internal Factors
affecting Growth and Development of a Child:
Heredity factors.
Biological or constitutional factors.
Intelligence.
Emotional maturity/development.
Social maturity/development.
B) How can a
school enhance physical and intellectual development of the students
Students’ hobbies
and learning skills are taken into account, allowing him to select courses that
are more relevant to his interests. Useful curriculum should be implemented.
Instead than forcing children to study for grades, educators should encourage
them to pursue knowledge. Schools and colleges play a critical role in
encouraging students to develop positive physical activity habits by raising
awareness of the importance of regular physical activity, increasing children’s
exposure to fun and varied activities, and creating more active environments in
which students can simply move. Riding toys or scooters, playing tag, treasure
hunt games, balance games, changing direction games, obstacle courses, follow
the leader, dancing, frozen tag, or parachute games are all enjoyable
activities. Encourage kids to collaborate to come up with their own games and
activities. Facilitation, involvement, and proper individualization for each
child’s developmental stage are all important aspects of the teacher’s role
during play. It’s important to think about how you’re going to play. By adding
time, space, and resources for play, teachers may encourage students to think
at a higher level.
Ways
to Promote Your Child’s Cognitive Development
Sing-a-longs. Sing songs with your child and
encourage him to sing along with you.
Identify Noises.
Practice the Alphabet.
Practice Counting.
Practice Shapes and Colors.
Offer Choices.
Ask Questions.
Visit Interesting Places.
Teachers can help
students achieve this goal by: having high expectations of all students
regardless of their past academic performance. To help all students feel part of
the school and the educational community. Create learning environments that
reinforce the notion that students can master academic subjects
Students Can Improve Schools
Identify An Adult Ally In School.
Have A Real Conversation With A Teacher.
Propose A Student-Adult Partnership Program
In Your School.
Lead Other Students In Taking Action.
Have A Mixer.
Meet With School Leaders.
Support Non-Tokenized Meetings.
Hang Out At School.
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Question 2:
A teacher has a dynamic role in the overall development of a child. Discuss it
with special reference to socio-emotional and moral development.
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A) A teacher has a
dynamic role in the overall development of a child.
Children’s social
and emotional development refers to how they learn about themselves, how they
feel, and what they might anticipate when they connect with others. It’s the
process of learning how to: Create and sustain positive connections. Experiment
with emotions, regulate them, and express them. The instructor widens and
improves learning by assisting children in role-playing, encouraging them to
communicate to their friends, asking open-ended questions, and participating in
play. For example, one of the responsibilities of a teacher is to acquire an
awareness of the unique skills and information that children require. Teachers
give structure by providing direction, support, and chances for problem-solving
creativity. Teachers monitor and customize learning experiences to help
children develop intellectually and socially. Teachers have a profound
influence on all of their pupils for the rest of their lives. This has an
influence not just in terms of teaching certain academic abilities, but also in
terms of boosting students’ self-esteem. In the classroom, higher self-esteem
is linked to increased motivation and learning.
Teachers play a
critical role in helping students learn to control their emotions and engage
successfully with their classmates. Teachers are increasingly required to
intervene in their students’ emotional development by creating emotional literacy
programms and applying preventive measures. Teaching pupils according to
national norms in their specialized subject areas is one of a teacher’s
responsibilities. Lesson planning, preparation, and delivery. Encourage
students to take part in class and other school activities. Protect your
obligations as a teacher or assistant, as well as any situations that require
your attention. Finally, there are protective responsibilities to safeguard
children from damage, whether it is harm caused by themselves or their choices,
damage caused by other children, or harm caused by adults. In general,
instructors’ roles are to assist students in learning by transferring knowledge
and providing an environment in which students can and will learn efficiently.
Teachers, on the other hand, perform a variety of complicated duties that
differ from one society to the next and from one degree of education to the
next. Many instructors believe that their enthusiasm for teaching stems from
their love of children or from their own love of learning. Others are motivated
by a teacher who had a favorable influence on them early in their schooling.
Social development
refers to the process through which a child learns to interact with those
around him. Social development usually refers to how a child develops
friendships and other relationships, as well as how he handles conflicts with
his peers. Research shows that a strong social and emotional foundation in
early childhood greatly affects children’s later positive attitudes and behaviors,
academic performance, career paths and adults’ health outcomes. 1 For more
information, see the Social Emotional Development Research Background in this
series. Skills such as recovering from teasing or sitting still in a group to
listen to a story are examples of healthy social and emotional development.
They involve the ability to deal with emotions and impulses that are necessary
for growth and learning. However, social-emotional development involves more
than just expressing emotions. It is about changing, becoming independent by
following routines, interacting more with peers, building meaningful
relationships with others, managing emotions and developing a positive
self-image. From making friends to dealing with disagreements, the ability to successfully
interact with others is extremely important. Children with strong social skills
find it easier to create good relationships and this has a positive impact on
their well-being.
Supporting
children’s social emotional development at an early age builds a solid
foundation for their future, prepares them to successfully manage their
emotions and behaviors, establish loving relationships with others, follow
boundaries and expectations, and interact in groups. Social and emotional
development means how children begin to understand who they are, what they feel
and what they can expect when they interact with others. It is the development
of the ability to: Shape and maintain positive relationships. Experiment,
manage and express emotions.
Start with a skill at his level, help him to
recognize each building block, and use baby steps to teach it.
Emotional Self-Control. …
Getting the Big Picture. …
Adaptability. …
Predicting Outcomes. …
Social Recovery.
Social-emotional development consists
of three main areas of children’s self regulation in
acting (behaving in socially appropriate ways
and ways that foster learning),
feeling (understanding others’ emotions and
regulation of one’s own emotions) and
thinking (regulating attention and thoughts).
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Question #3: Keeping
in view the laws of learning and students’ individual differences, of
multi-dimensional activities a teacher should design.
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Answer:
There are a
variety of individual differences that should be of interest to classroom
teachers. Some of the most prominent are academic ability (or intelligence),
level of achievement, gender, learning style and ethnicity and culture. Edward
Thorndike developed the first three laws of learning: preparation, training and
effect. He also enacted the law of effect, which means that all behaviors
followed by pleasant consequences are likely to be repeated, and all behaviors
followed by unpleasant consequences are likely to be avoided. One of the first
principles associated with learning and behavior was the Law of Effect, which
states that behaviors that lead to successful outcomes are likely to be
repeated, while behaviors that lead to unwanted outcomes are less likely to be
repeated. The six learning laws are suitable for most learning situations.
Keeping these laws in mind when planning instructions creates a better learning
atmosphere for students!
Importance of individual
differences:
As teachers, we
must be aware of individual student differences, such as cultural, ethnic,
intelligent, language, learning styles, etc. This is because it can improve
students’ understanding or limit their ability to learn from the school
environment. How and why they differ is less clear and is the subject of the
study of individual differences (ID). Although studying individual differences
seems to study variance, how people differ, it also studies central tendency, how
well a person can be described in terms of an overall average within the
person. Short or high body weight, dark or light complexion, fullness, thinness
or weakness are several individual physical differences. Differences in
intelligence: there are differences in intelligence level between different
individuals.
Multi-dimensional
activities a teacher should design
The
multidimensional approach involves the cognitive, emotional and social
dimension of learning that Illeris considers. The three dimensions of learning:
contemporary learning theory in the field of tension between the cognitive, the
emotional and the social. Describing something as multidimensional means that
it is complex. You can talk about a multidimensional book filled with intricate
themes, characters, plots and symbols; or you can even call a person
multidimensional if she had a particularly complicated personality. To be
multidimensional is to have your reality focused in several dimensions at the
same time. It may seem a little wild to you; a little “Back to the
future” so that you can realize that you can be in several different
dimensions at the same time, but we would tell you that you now have many
familiar dimensions to teach children.
Law of Readiness
Hook the learners before they ever begin the
course. This can be done via a pre-work activity or a short video introducing
the content. …
Let students know why it is important to learn a
subject and what can they expect from the course.
Principles of
learning
readiness,
exercise,
effect,
primacy,
recency,
intensity
freedom.
The Seven
Principles:
Encourage contact between students and faculty.
Develop reciprocity and cooperation among
students.
Encourage active learning.
Give prompt feedback.
Emphasize time on task.
Communicate high expectations.
Respect diverse talents and ways
of learning.
Basic Principles of
Active Learning
Every One Can Learn.
Active Learning is Hands Off.
Auditory and Tactile Primacy.
Responsive Environment, Short Sessions.
Mix Variety and Constancy, Provide Comparisons.
Work up to Weight Bearing.
Emotional Development Involves Mastery.
Learning is by Repetition – Allow to fail.
About Author
Mr. Imran Zafar has completed his Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in
Bioinformatics from COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad
Sahiwal campus under supervision of Dr. Ahmad Ali and Master of Science (MS) in
Bioinformatics from Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology,
Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan under supervision of
Dr. Muhammad Tariq Pervez. For research work during BS and MS he has also done
internships from School of biological Science (SBS), University of Veterinary
and Animal Sciences (UVAS) and Center of Excellence in molecular biology (CEMB)
Lahore. He has published several research articles and book computers in
reputed journals recognized from Higher Education Commission (HEC) of
Pakistan. His research is mainly focused on the field of
Bioinformatics, Genomics, Computational Biology and Molecular Biology in the
domain of life science to performed computational analysis. He is now working
in Ministry of Education as a Science subject instructor in the Department of
Education Punjab, Pakistan.
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