Characterization and bio analysis of almond seed
oil; a comparative study of conventional and advanced extraction techniques
oil; a comparative study of conventional and advanced extraction techniques
Statement
of the problem
of the problem
This study is designed for assessment of
conventional and advanced extraction methods used for extraction of almond oil.
This investigation is correspondingly motivated that in what way the progressive
methods cannot only reduced the employment efforts, time, space, cost and
complexity but also increase shelf life of extracted oil.
conventional and advanced extraction methods used for extraction of almond oil.
This investigation is correspondingly motivated that in what way the progressive
methods cannot only reduced the employment efforts, time, space, cost and
complexity but also increase shelf life of extracted oil.
Objectives of this study
The aim/purpose of the study
were to select the extraction procedure which has cost effective, friendly
reaction with environmental conditions and yielded maximum oil having bioactive
compounds. The targets of the objectives of this research were based on the
following steps:
were to select the extraction procedure which has cost effective, friendly
reaction with environmental conditions and yielded maximum oil having bioactive
compounds. The targets of the objectives of this research were based on the
following steps:
i.
To introduce the various different expert extraction technique
for the oil extraction
ii.
To enhance the extraction techniques in order to have
optimal conditions for optimization of maximum oil productivity
iii.
To study the physicochemical standards in the direction
of assess the quality of oil
iv.
Fatty acid profile of extracted oil to judge the effectiveness
of extraction technique
v.
To evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-microbial
activity of oil.
Significance of the
study
study
This study is very significant for market
demand in the fever of oil shortage for nutritional and medical purposes;
increase the productivity of almond oil using high throughput techniques and
methodologies. The multiple advantages are listed below
demand in the fever of oil shortage for nutritional and medical purposes;
increase the productivity of almond oil using high throughput techniques and
methodologies. The multiple advantages are listed below
- i. Less time consuming
-
ii. Low heating -
iii. Reduce labor -
iv. Commercially favorable
Outline of the
study
study
This study comprises of following
i. Synthesis of almond oil by advanced
(Microwave Assisted Exrraction and Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction) and
conventional (Soxhelt Assisted Extraction) techniques.
(Microwave Assisted Exrraction and Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction) and
conventional (Soxhelt Assisted Extraction) techniques.
ii.
Determination of physiochemical
parameters of almond oil.
Determination of physiochemical
parameters of almond oil.
iii. Determination of antioxidant and
antimicrobial activity of almond oil.
antimicrobial activity of almond oil.
iv.
Characterization of defatted seed meal
of almond.
Characterization of defatted seed meal
of almond.
Introduction:
History of lipid
In biochemistry,
lipids are small amphipathic, hydrophilic and hydrophobic biomolecules that
confirm the soluble mechanism of many non-polar solvents (McNaught & McNaught, 1997). The non-polar
functionalities are especially adapted to hydrocarbons (hydrogen + carbon),
which are used to dissolve many other natural molecules themselves, but they do
not readily dissolve in water with a wide range of molecules such as vitamins
A, D, E and K but soluble in fat. The nonpolar solvent also has a less complex
dissolution process with many natural compounds such as waxes, many fatty
acids, sterols, phospholipids, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides.
In an aqueous medium, certain lipids have amphiphilic properties such as
liposomes and multiple or unilemellar membranes of vesicles, so that the
biological concept of lipids consists wholly or partially of two heterogeneous
types of biochemical building blocks and subunits; isoprenic groups of ketoacyland (Fahy et al., 2005). Lipid self-synonym of fats,
which are subgroup known as triglycerides and consist of two major classes’ suifs and huiles respectively including with resins,
balsams, tallow , waxes, greases, oil and volatile oils with very inclusive
order (Chevreul et al.,
1823; McClements
et al., 2015). Therefore the fats are simple lipid and made up of
glycerol and with fatty acids which are
essential for flora and faunas due to its oily alimentary nature such as
carbohydrate (“saccharine”) and albuminous: alongside protein (Dugan et al 2011; Coley, 2004).
The class of lipid lipoid, lipin,
and lipid with different implications such as
phospholipid including cephalen, sphingomyelin and cerebroside are found in
lecithins of hen egg and the human cerebrum
(Spiller et al., 1998). In earlier study many other
important clusters of lipoids was etymologically originate from the Greek lipos
fat (Bertrand, 1923),
and reported in three distinct categories like basic lipoids waxes and oils (genuine
waxes, sterols, alcohols), compounds and complex lipid with glycolipoids & phospholipoids
and derivative including with alcohols, sterols and fatty acids (Christie & Han, 2010). The classification of lipids
comprehensive divides into diverse number of classes containing fatty acids,
sterol lipids, polyketides,
saccharolipids, sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids (Fahy et al., 2005)
lipids are small amphipathic, hydrophilic and hydrophobic biomolecules that
confirm the soluble mechanism of many non-polar solvents (McNaught & McNaught, 1997). The non-polar
functionalities are especially adapted to hydrocarbons (hydrogen + carbon),
which are used to dissolve many other natural molecules themselves, but they do
not readily dissolve in water with a wide range of molecules such as vitamins
A, D, E and K but soluble in fat. The nonpolar solvent also has a less complex
dissolution process with many natural compounds such as waxes, many fatty
acids, sterols, phospholipids, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides.
In an aqueous medium, certain lipids have amphiphilic properties such as
liposomes and multiple or unilemellar membranes of vesicles, so that the
biological concept of lipids consists wholly or partially of two heterogeneous
types of biochemical building blocks and subunits; isoprenic groups of ketoacyland (Fahy et al., 2005). Lipid self-synonym of fats,
which are subgroup known as triglycerides and consist of two major classes’ suifs and huiles respectively including with resins,
balsams, tallow , waxes, greases, oil and volatile oils with very inclusive
order (Chevreul et al.,
1823; McClements
et al., 2015). Therefore the fats are simple lipid and made up of
glycerol and with fatty acids which are
essential for flora and faunas due to its oily alimentary nature such as
carbohydrate (“saccharine”) and albuminous: alongside protein (Dugan et al 2011; Coley, 2004).
The class of lipid lipoid, lipin,
and lipid with different implications such as
phospholipid including cephalen, sphingomyelin and cerebroside are found in
lecithins of hen egg and the human cerebrum
(Spiller et al., 1998). In earlier study many other
important clusters of lipoids was etymologically originate from the Greek lipos
fat (Bertrand, 1923),
and reported in three distinct categories like basic lipoids waxes and oils (genuine
waxes, sterols, alcohols), compounds and complex lipid with glycolipoids & phospholipoids
and derivative including with alcohols, sterols and fatty acids (Christie & Han, 2010). The classification of lipids
comprehensive divides into diverse number of classes containing fatty acids,
sterol lipids, polyketides,
saccharolipids, sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids (Fahy et al., 2005)
Classes
of lipid
of lipid
Fatty acids
Fatty acids and its
residues are very diverse group of chain-extension molecules made up of
hydrocarbon chains and end with carboxylic acid group based on fatty acid synthesis
procedure as like acetyl co enzyme associate with malonyl and methyl-CoA (Brown, 2007). The
order of fatty acid conformation two ends hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (nonpolar) which are insoluble in water, if they have
double bound then geometric isoforms viewed based on chance of cis and trans
for conformation of molecules. The fatty acid class contain with structurally
complex molecules as building blocks such as carbon consist of saturated and
unsaturated form of chain with four and twenty four carbon in length and also containing with halogens, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.
The illustration about biologically important fatty acids eicosanoids become
fundamentally significant in biological systems from eicosapentaenoic and
arachidonic acid with thromboxane, leukotriene’s, prostaglandins and
docosahexaenoic acid (Holub,
2008).
residues are very diverse group of chain-extension molecules made up of
hydrocarbon chains and end with carboxylic acid group based on fatty acid synthesis
procedure as like acetyl co enzyme associate with malonyl and methyl-CoA (Brown, 2007). The
order of fatty acid conformation two ends hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (nonpolar) which are insoluble in water, if they have
double bound then geometric isoforms viewed based on chance of cis and trans
for conformation of molecules. The fatty acid class contain with structurally
complex molecules as building blocks such as carbon consist of saturated and
unsaturated form of chain with four and twenty four carbon in length and also containing with halogens, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.
The illustration about biologically important fatty acids eicosanoids become
fundamentally significant in biological systems from eicosapentaenoic and
arachidonic acid with thromboxane, leukotriene’s, prostaglandins and
docosahexaenoic acid (Holub,
2008).