Categories of Inland Water Fisheries

Inland water fisheries can be broadly classified based on several criteria:

• Scale of Operation:
  • Small-scale/Traditional: Often involving families and utilizing time-honored equipment like nets, lines, and traps, primarily to meet local food needs or for nearby markets.
  • Commercial: Larger-scale endeavors focused on selling fish in wider markets, potentially employing more sophisticated gear and larger boats (though substantial vessels are less common in rivers compared to marine settings).
  • Sport Fishing: Fishing undertaken for leisure, frequently involving the release of caught fish, but sometimes including regulated harvesting.
• Method of Catch:
  • Wild Capture: Harvesting naturally occurring fish populations using diverse techniques such as various types of netting (gill, seine, cast), line fishing (angling, longlines), traps, and spears.
  • Enhancement through Stocking: Boosting natural fish populations by introducing fish raised in hatcheries, often combined with efforts to improve the habitat.
• Target Species: Fishing efforts may concentrate on a single species of significant commercial or cultural importance, or they might involve catching multiple types of fish.

Common Fish in Inland Water Fisheries

The prevalent fish species in inland water fisheries differ significantly depending on the geographical location and the specific river system. However, some frequently encountered groups of fish in these habitats include:

• Carps: Various carp species (for example, common carp, major Indian carps like rohu, catla, mrigal) are key in many river systems in Asia and Europe, often forming a crucial element of both wild capture and stocking-based fisheries.
• Catfishes: Found worldwide, catfish are often important in river catches due to their size and prevalence in certain habitats. Examples include the Mekong giant catfish, various species in the Amazon basin, and the Wels catfish in Europe.
• Salmonids: In temperate zones, salmon, trout, and char are highly valued for both trade and recreation. Their often anadromous life cycle (migration between fresh and salt water) makes riverine environments vital for reproduction.
• Perches and Basses: These predatory fish are common inhabitants of many rivers and are frequently targeted by recreational fishers and sometimes by commercial operations.
• Eels: Certain eel species, such as the European and American eel, have complex life cycles that include rivers, and their fisheries have a long history of importance.
• Tilapia: While often linked with fish farming, tilapia species have also established themselves in some river systems and support fishing activities.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) points out that the variety of fish species living in rivers is often related to the size of the river basin, with larger systems like the Amazon supporting over a thousand species. However, at a local level, a limited number of species often dominate the catches.

Problems and Difficulties in Inland Water Fisheries

Inland water fisheries face numerous interconnected problems and difficulties that jeopardize their long-term viability and the livelihoods they sustain:

• Deterioration of Habitat: A significant threat, frequently resulting from deforestation along riverbanks (leading to increased sediment and water temperatures), pollution from farming, industry, and residential areas, and the physical alteration of riverbeds through activities like dredging, channel straightening, and the removal of natural elements such as fallen trees and rocks.
• Dams and Obstructions: The construction of dams and other barriers disrupts the natural flow of rivers and, critically, impedes the migratory routes of many fish species that depend on upstream movement for spawning or accessing different habitats. This can cause substantial declines in fish populations.
• Over-exploitation: Unsustainable fishing practices, driven by rising demand and sometimes inadequate oversight, can lead to the depletion of fish stocks, negatively affecting both the ecosystem and future fishing opportunities.
• Introduced Species: The introduction of non-native fish and other aquatic life can upset native ecosystems through predation, competition for resources, and the spread of diseases, often harming native fish populations that support fisheries.
• Altered Climate: Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can modify river flows, water quality, and the distribution and life cycles of fish species, creating new challenges for managing fisheries.
• Water Extraction: The removal of water for irrigation, industrial processes, and household use can lower river flows to levels that are damaging to fish habitats and survival.
• Weak Governance and Enforcement: In many regions, ineffective or non-existent management systems and a lack of enforcement of fishing rules worsen the other problems.
• Socio-economic Vulnerability: Communities in riverine fishing areas are often marginalized and heavily reliant on fishing for their income and food security, making them especially susceptible to the impacts of dwindling fish stocks and environmental damage.

Addressing these issues necessitates comprehensive strategies that take into account the ecological, social, and economic aspects of inland water fisheries. Sustainable management approaches, habitat restoration efforts, reducing the impact of dams, and involving local communities in decision-making are vital for ensuring the continued health of these valuable resources.

Now, let’s focus on the specifics of inland water fisheries in the UK and India.

Inland Water Fisheries in the UK

The inland water fisheries of the United Kingdom, while not as large in terms of total catch as in some other global regions, hold considerable ecological, recreational, and historical significance. The UK’s rivers support a diverse range of freshwater fish species, and angling is a widely enjoyed leisure activity.

Overview of UK Rivers

The UK possesses a dense network of rivers, varying in size, flow characteristics, and ecological makeup. Many of the longer rivers in Great Britain flow eastward into the North Sea (e.g., Thames, Trent, Tyne), while those flowing westward (e.g., Severn, Wye, Clyde) tend to be shorter and faster. Scotland is known for its swift rivers like the Spey, Tay, and Tweed. The UK’s varied geology also contributes to the range of river types, from nutrient-rich lowland rivers to clearer, faster-flowing upland streams and the distinctive chalk streams of southern England.

According to the FAO’s report on European Inland Fisheries, the estimated total length of rivers in the UK is around 42,800 km. The presence of numerous individual stream systems underscores the extensive nature of the freshwater network.

Types of Inland Water Fisheries in the UK

In the UK, inland water fisheries are primarily characterized by:

• Recreational Angling: This represents the most significant type of inland water fishing. Millions of individuals in the UK participate in freshwater angling, targeting a wide variety of fish. This sector generates substantial economic activity through the sale of permits, equipment, and tourism.
• Historical Commercial Eel Fishing: Historically, some UK rivers, particularly the waterways of the Fens, supported commercial eel fisheries. However, due to declines in eel populations, these are now substantially reduced.
• Limited Traditional Netting: In certain localized areas, very small-scale traditional netting for specific species might occur, but it does not constitute a major part of the overall fisheries.

The primary emphasis is on recreational fishing, which is managed through a system of mandatory rod licenses (administered by the Environment Agency in England and Wales, and equivalent bodies in Scotland and Northern Ireland) and permissions often granted by local fishing clubs or landowners along the riverbanks.

Common Fish Species in UK Rivers

UK rivers provide habitat for a variety of fish species. Some of the most common and frequently targeted species include:

• Salmonids: Atlantic salmon and brown trout are highly valued, particularly in the clearer, cooler rivers of Scotland, Wales, and northern England. Rainbow trout are also present, often introduced for angling purposes.
• Coarse Fish: This broad category encompasses many species popular among anglers in lowland rivers, such as:
  • Carps: Common carp are widespread and favored in still waters connected to rivers and in slower-moving river sections.
  • Bream: Both common and silver bream are found in many rivers.
  • Roach: A very prevalent species in many lowland rivers.
  • Perch: A predatory fish that is popular with anglers.
  • Pike: Another significant predator sought by anglers.
  • Chub: Found in numerous rivers, often reaching considerable sizes.
  • Dace: Smaller fish, typically found in faster-flowing areas.
  • Gudgeon: A small fish that lives on the riverbed.
  • Tench: More commonly found in still waters but also present in some slow-flowing rivers.
• Other Native Species: River lamprey, bullhead, stone loach, and minnow also inhabit UK rivers, contributing to the overall biodiversity. Eels, despite their migratory nature, spend a significant portion of their life cycle in these freshwater systems.

The specific composition of fish in a UK river is influenced by factors such as the river’s flow rate, the type of riverbed, water quality, and how well the river is connected along its length. Upland rivers often support salmonids, whereas lowland rivers tend to have a greater variety of coarse fish. Chalk streams, with their consistent flows and clear water, sustain unique communities of fish.

Problems and Difficulties Facing UK Inland Water Fisheries

UK inland water fisheries encounter several challenges:

• Water Quality Issues: Pollution arising from agricultural runoff (carrying nutrients and pesticides), industrial discharges, and urban wastewater can negatively affect fish populations and their habitats. While historical improvements have been substantial, water quality remains a concern in certain areas.
• Degradation of Physical Habitat: Alterations to river channels, such as canalization, weirs, and other obstructions, can disrupt natural flow patterns, reduce the variety of habitats available, and hinder fish migration. Sedimentation resulting from changes in land use can also damage spawning grounds.
• Obstacles to Migration: Weirs, dams (many of which are old and no longer functional for their original purpose), and other structures within the river can prevent migratory fish like salmon and eels from reaching their spawning or feeding locations. Efforts are underway to remove some of these barriers or install fish passage facilities.
• Non-Native Invasive Species (NNIS): Species such as signal crayfish, Himalayan balsam (which impacts riverside habitats), and some non-native fish species can outcompete native species, modify habitats, and introduce diseases.
• Impacts of Climate Change: Changing water temperatures and flow patterns (with more frequent periods of drought and flooding) can stress fish populations and alter their distribution and life cycles. Salmonids, in particular, are sensitive to warmer temperatures.
• Localized Overfishing: While recreational fishing is generally well-regulated, localized overfishing of certain species can still occur. Eel populations have experienced significant declines due to a combination of factors, including historical overfishing.
• Predation Pressures: Increased populations of some predators, such as otters and cormorants, can impact fish stocks, leading to conflicts with anglers.
• Fish Diseases: Fish in UK rivers can be susceptible to various diseases, which can be aggravated by stress from poor water quality or degraded habitat conditions.

Management and Conservation Efforts

The management of UK inland water fisheries is undertaken by government agencies (such as the Environment Agency), local angling associations, and conservation organizations. These efforts include:

• Regulation: Establishing fishing seasons, size restrictions, and limits on the number of fish that can be caught. The requirement for rod licenses helps to fund management and enforcement activities.
• Habitat Enhancement: Projects aimed at restoring riverbanks, removing obstructions, and improving areas where fish spawn.
• Monitoring and Improvement of Water Quality: Initiatives to reduce pollution from various sources.
• Control of Non-Native Species: Measures to prevent the spread and reduce the effects of NNIS.
• Fish Stocking Programs: In some instances, rivers are stocked with fish raised in hatcheries to support recreational fishing, although this is carefully managed to minimize negative impacts on wild populations.
• Scientific Research and Monitoring: Ongoing studies to understand fish populations and the effects of environmental changes.

Recreational angling plays a notable role in conservation, with many anglers actively participating in local clubs that carry out habitat improvement projects and monitor the health of rivers. The economic importance of angling also provides justification for investment in the well-being of rivers and their fish populations.

In summary, UK inland water fisheries are predominantly recreational, targeting a mix of salmonids and coarse fish. They face challenges related to water quality, habitat degradation, barriers to fish movement, invasive species, and climate change. Management and conservation strategies involve regulation, habitat improvement, and addressing pollution sources.

Inland Water Fisheries in India

India boasts a vast and diverse network of rivers, which support significant inland water fisheries that are essential for the livelihoods and food security of millions of people. The country’s major river systems, including the Himalayan rivers (Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra) and the Peninsular rivers (Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Narmada, Tapti), along with their numerous tributaries, are rich in the variety of fish they harbor.

Overview of Indian Rivers

India’s rivers are broadly classified into the Himalayan rivers, which are perennial and sustained by snowmelt and monsoons, and the Peninsular rivers, which largely depend on monsoon rainfall. These river systems traverse varied landscapes and climates, resulting in a wide array of aquatic habitats. The total length of India’s rivers and canals is substantial, estimated to exceed 0.17 million km, with the major river systems themselves covering tens of thousands of kilometers.

The Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Indus are the primary Himalayan river systems, while the Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Mahanadi, and others drain the peninsular region. These rivers support a high count of fish species, making inland water fisheries a crucial sector.

Types of Inland Water Fisheries in India

Inland water fisheries in India are mainly wild capture fisheries, where fish are harvested from natural populations using a range of traditional and some modern fishing tools. These fisheries can be categorized by their operational scale:

• Small-scale/Traditional: This is the most common form, involving millions of fishers who use age-old methods like gill nets, cast nets, traps, and hook and line. This fishing is often for personal consumption and local markets.
• Commercial: Larger-scale operations aimed at supplying bigger markets, although very large industrial fishing in rivers is less prevalent than small-scale activities.
• There is also a growing emphasis on enhancement-based fisheries, where rivers and associated water bodies (such as floodplains) are stocked with fish to increase production.

Additionally, ornamental fisheries exist in some riverine areas, involving the collection and sometimes the rearing of colorful native species for the aquarium trade.

Common Fish Species in Indian Rivers

Indian rivers are home to a rich variety of fish. Some of the dominant and commercially important groups include:

• Carps: Indian Major Carps (IMC) – catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita), and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) – are highly significant, constituting a large portion of both wild catches and aquaculture associated with river systems. Minor carps such as Labeo bata and Cirrhinus reba are also important.
• Catfishes: Various catfish species, like Wallago attu, Mystus seenghala, and others locally known as “tengra,” are important in riverine catches. Air-breathing catfishes such as Clarias batrachus (magur) and Heteropneustes fossilis (singhi) are also found.
• Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha): This migratory fish that lives in both fresh and salt water is highly valued in certain river systems like the Ganga and Brahmaputra, although its populations have decreased in some areas due to obstructions to its migration.
• Mahseers (Tor spp.): These large, well-known freshwater fish are important for both fishing and conservation, particularly in the Himalayan rivers.
• Snakeheads (Channa spp.): Several species of snakeheads are found and fished in Indian rivers.
• Other Species: Depending on the specific river system, many other species contribute to the fisheries, including various barbs, eels, and smaller native fish.

The specific dominant species vary by region. For instance, the types of fish found in the Himalayan rivers differ from those in the Peninsular rivers. The Ganga and Brahmaputra systems each have their own characteristic sets of important species.

Problems and Difficulties Facing Indian Inland Water Fisheries

Indian inland water fisheries face serious challenges that affect their productivity and the livelihoods of the communities that depend on them:

• Deterioration of Habitat: Pollution from industrial waste, agricultural runoff (pesticides and fertilizers), and domestic sewage is widespread in many Indian rivers, severely damaging water quality and harming fish populations. Deforestation in the areas that feed rivers leads to increased sedimentation, which affects spawning grounds and water clarity.
• Dams and Barrages: The construction of numerous dams and barrages for irrigation and hydroelectric power has fragmented river systems, altered the natural flow of water, and blocked the migration routes of fish like hilsa and mahseers, leading to significant reductions in their populations upstream of these barriers.
• Over-exploitation: Increasing fishing intensity, often involving destructive methods, has resulted in the overfishing of many fish stocks. The reduced contribution of Indian Major Carps in some systems and the increasing prevalence of lower-value species indicate the impacts of overfishing.
• Water Extraction: The diversion of river water for irrigation and other uses reduces water flow, especially during the dry season, shrinking fish habitats and affecting their survival. Many rivers in urban areas can become almost completely dry outside of the monsoon season.
• Introduction of Alien Species: The introduction of non-native fish species can disrupt local ecosystems and compete with or prey on native fish.
• Loss of Floodplain Areas: Encroachment on floodplains for agriculture and development has diminished crucial nursery and feeding areas for many riverine fish species.
• Ineffective Governance: Weak enforcement of regulations, a lack of comprehensive fisheries management plans, and conflicts over the use of resources worsen these problems.
• Socio-economic Vulnerability: Fishing communities are often marginalized, experiencing high levels of poverty and a strong reliance

Here’s a detailed look at the top 10 AI and ML technologies transforming aquaculture in 2025, including their applications, benefits, and future potential.

1. AI-Driven Smart Feeding Systems

AI-powered smart feeding systems use real-time data from fish behavior, water quality, and environmental factors to optimize feeding schedules. These systems reduce feed waste, enhance fish growth, and significantly lower operational costs.

Key Example: Bosch Business Innovations has developed AI tools that analyze shrimp behavior to determine optimal feeding times and detect early signs of disease—doubling productivity for many shrimp farmers.

2. Computer Vision for Fish Health Monitoring

High-resolution cameras combined with AI algorithms are used to continuously monitor fish for signs of disease or stress. Computer vision detects changes like erratic swimming, discoloration, or physical injuries.

Benefits: Early disease detection reduces mortality, minimizes antibiotic use, and improves overall fish health.

3. IoT-Based Environmental Monitoring Systems

Internet of Things (IoT) sensors paired with ML models track key water parameters such as pH, temperature, and oxygen levels. These systems enable automated adjustments and predictive alerts.

Impact: Real-time monitoring and control maintain optimal conditions, reduce risks, and enhance sustainability.

4. Autonomous Underwater Robotic Inspections

AI-enabled underwater robots inspect fish cages and net pens for damage, biofouling, and structural issues. These robots operate autonomously and reduce the need for divers.

Advantages: Lower maintenance costs, increased inspection frequency, and higher accuracy in detecting faults.

5. Digital Twin Technology for Infrastructure Monitoring

A digital twin is a virtual model of aquaculture infrastructure that mirrors real-time conditions. Using data from sensors and simulations, it predicts structural wear, enabling timely maintenance.

Why It Matters: Prevents fish escapes, minimizes equipment failure, and supports better infrastructure planning.

6. AI-Powered Fish Biomass Estimation

Advanced ML algorithms like YOLOv3 and Mask-RCNN analyze video footage to estimate fish biomass in real-time.

Use Case: Accurate biomass data helps optimize feed, determine harvest times, and improve stock management—leading to better profitability.

7. Predictive Analytics for Fish Disease Prevention

AI-driven predictive models analyze historical and real-time data to forecast disease outbreaks. These systems identify environmental triggers and risk factors.

Benefits: Early warnings allow for timely preventive action, reducing losses and ensuring animal welfare.

8. Drone and Remote Sensing Applications in Aquaculture

Drones equipped with multispectral cameras are being used to monitor large-scale aquaculture operations from above. They assess water quality, detect infrastructure damage, and track fish behavior.

Advantages: Faster, large-scale assessments that save time and provide a comprehensive farm overview.

9. AIoT: Merging AI and IoT for Smart Aquaculture

AIoT (Artificial Intelligence + Internet of Things) is a unified approach that integrates smart devices, sensors, and AI systems across an entire aquaculture operation.

Benefits:

• Automates feeding, monitoring, and disease detection.
• Improves decision-making with data-driven insights.
• Enhances farm sustainability and profitability.

10. Augmented Reality (AR) in Aquaculture Training and Operations

AR tools are now being introduced for training new aquaculture workers and supporting daily operations. These systems provide immersive, hands-on simulations and overlay data on real-world environments.

Use Cases:

• On-the-job training for fish health management.
• AR-assisted equipment handling and safety protocols.

Future Outlook: The Role of AI in Sustainable Aquaculture

The adoption of AI and ML in aquaculture is not just a trend—it’s a necessity for the future. As global seafood consumption rises, these intelligent technologies can help meet demand while minimizing environmental impacts.

Future Trends:

• More affordable and accessible AI tools for small-scale fish farmers.
• Improvements in data standardization and system interoperability.
• Enhanced transparency and ethical use of AI in aquaculture.

By embracing innovation, the aquaculture sector can achieve a balance between productivity, animal welfare, and ecological responsibility.

Final Thoughts

From smart feeding to digital twins, AI and ML technologies are revolutionizing every corner of aquaculture. Whether you’re a researcher, startup, or fish farmer, staying updated with these trends is key to thriving in 2025 and beyond.

1. Whiteleg Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

• Global Production: Approximately 6.8 million tonnes
• Top Producers: China, Ecuador, India, Vietnam
• Average Market Price: $4 to $6 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: Whiteleg shrimp remains the most widely farmed shrimp species worldwide. Advancements in disease-resistant shrimp strains and sustainable farming practices are expected to fuel continued growth in global markets.

2. Cupped Oysters (Crassostrea species)

• Global Production: Around 6.2 million tonnes
• Top Producers: China, South Korea, France
• Average Market Price: $1 to $2 per oyster
• Future Outlook: Increasing demand for cupped oysters is driven by their ecological benefits such as water purification. Sustainable oyster farming is expanding, supporting both environmental health and economic growth.

3. Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

• Global Production: Approximately 6.2 million tonnes
• Top Producers: China, India, Bangladesh
• Average Market Price: $1 to $2 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: Grass carp production remains stable in Asia. The species shows potential for growth in integrated aquaculture systems combining fish farming with agriculture.

4. Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

• Global Production: Estimated 5.3 million tonnes
• Top Producers: China, Egypt, Indonesia
• Average Market Price: $2 to $4 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: Known for adaptability and mild taste, Nile tilapia is gaining popularity across Africa and Latin America. Expansion efforts focus on sustainable farming and improved breeding methods.

5. Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)

• Global Production: Around 5.1 million tonnes
• Top Producers: China, India, Bangladesh
• Average Market Price: $1 to $2 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: Silver carp production primarily supports domestic consumption. Export opportunities are limited, but efforts continue to enhance feed efficiency and disease management.

6. Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens)

• Global Production: Approximately 4.9 million tonnes
• Top Producers: Peru, Chile
• Market Price: Mainly used for fishmeal; prices fluctuate based on demand
• Future Outlook: Anchoveta fishing relies heavily on sustainable management and environmental conditions, critical for maintaining long-term production levels.

7. Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

• Global Production: Estimated 4.2 million tonnes
• Top Producers: China, India, Bangladesh
• Average Market Price: $1 to $2 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: Common carp farming focuses on improving disease resistance and feed conversion efficiency, supporting stable global supply.

8. Catla (Catla catla)

• Global Production: Around 3.8 million tonnes
• Top Producers: India, Bangladesh
• Average Market Price: $1.5 to $2.5 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: Catla remains popular in South Asian markets. Advances in breeding technologies and integrated farming could enhance production growth.

9. Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

• Global Production: Approximately 2.9 million tonnes
• Top Producers: Norway, Chile, UK, Canada
• Average Market Price: $7 to $12 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: Atlantic salmon is a premium seafood product with strong market demand. Industry challenges include disease control and minimizing environmental impact.

10. Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

• Global Production: Estimated 2.4 million tonnes
• Top Producers: Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia
• Average Market Price: $1.5 to $2.5 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: Export markets for striped catfish are expanding. Sustainable aquaculture practices are key to long-term success.

Global Aquaculture Trends in 2024–2025

• Asia’s Dominance: Asia contributes over 90% of global aquaculture production, led by China, India, and Southeast Asian countries.
• Focus on Sustainability: The aquaculture industry increasingly emphasizes eco-friendly farming techniques, disease management, and improved feed efficiency to reduce environmental footprints.
• Species Diversification: Growing seafood demand drives diversification into new aquatic species and innovative farming systems worldwide.

Conclusion

The aquaculture sector is set for sustained growth in 2024 and beyond. Key cultured species like whiteleg shrimp, tilapia, and Atlantic salmon will continue to shape global seafood supply chains. Embracing sustainability and technological innovations will be crucial for meeting future challenges and market needs.

1. Golden Caviar (Sterlet Sturgeon)

• Scientific Name: Acipenser ruthenus
• Main Production Regions: Russia and Iran
• Market Price: Up to $73,000 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: Golden Caviar remains one of the rarest luxury seafood delicacies, driving high demand in elite markets. However, sustainability concerns and strict fishing regulations may impact supply in the future. Conservation efforts are crucial to preserve this precious species.

2. Almas Caviar (Albino Beluga Sturgeon)

• Scientific Name: Huso huso
• Main Production Regions: Southern Caspian Sea, especially Iran
• Market Price: Up to $34,500 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: The rarity of albino Beluga sturgeon keeps Almas Caviar highly coveted. Conservation and aquaculture efforts will likely dictate future availability, maintaining its status as an ultra-premium product.

3. Pacific Bluefin Tuna

• Scientific Name: Thunnus orientalis
• Main Production Regions: Japan, USA, Mexico
• Market Price: Record auction prices up to $5,000 per pound
• Future Outlook: Overfishing concerns have led to increased regulations. Sustainable farming and aquaculture innovations are being developed to meet the high global demand while protecting wild populations.

4. Southern Bluefin Tuna

• Scientific Name: Thunnus maccoyii
• Main Production Regions: Australia, Japan
• Market Price: $23–$34 per kilogram
• Future Outlook: Ongoing aquaculture projects and strict fishing quotas aim to balance supply and demand, supporting species recovery while fulfilling market needs.

5. Glass Eels (Elvers)

• Scientific Name: Anguilla rostrata (American eel)
• Main Production Regions: USA (Maine), exported mainly to Asia
• Market Price: $2,000–$3,000 per pound
• Future Outlook: High demand for aquaculture in Asia drives the market. Regulatory frameworks combat illegal trade and overfishing, helping to sustain wild stocks.

6. Japanese Sea Cucumber (Namako)

• Scientific Name: Apostichopus japonicus
• Main Production Regions: Japan, China
• Market Price: Up to $1,360 per pound
• Future Outlook: Valued for both culinary and medicinal purposes, sustainable harvesting practices are critical to avoid population decline and ecological damage.

7. Totoaba Swim Bladder

• Scientific Name: Totoaba macdonaldi
• Main Production Regions: Gulf of California, Mexico
• Market Price: Up to $18,000 per kilogram on the black market
• Future Outlook: Illegal trafficking of totoaba bladders has severely impacted wild populations and endangered species like the vaquita porpoise. Conservation efforts remain urgent to curb black market activity and restore ecosystems.

8. Ossetra Caviar

• Scientific Name: Acipenser gueldenstaedtii
• Main Production Regions: Russia, Iran, and global aquaculture farms
• Market Price: Among the most expensive caviar varieties worldwide
• Future Outlook: Advances in aquaculture may help stabilize supply, but wild stocks still face pressures from overharvesting and habitat loss.

9. Atlantic Bluefin Tuna

• Scientific Name: Thunnus thynnus
• Main Production Regions: Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic
• Market Price: High market value, especially in Japan
• Future Outlook: Conservation measures show promising results, but ongoing management is essential to ensure sustainable fishing practices and population recovery.

10. North Atlantic Lobster

• Scientific Name: Homarus americanus
• Main Production Regions: USA (Maine), Canada
• Market Price: Prices rising due to limited catch volumes
• Future Outlook: Climate change and overfishing pose significant threats. Sustainable fishing and management practices are critical for long-term industry viability.

Summary Table: Top 10 Most Expensive Aquatic Products (2024–2025)

Final Thoughts

These aquatic products represent some of the world’s most luxurious and valuable seafood items, prized by gourmets, collectors, and markets globally. However, many face significant sustainability challenges, including overfishing, illegal trade, and environmental changes. Responsible consumption, stricter regulations, and advances in aquaculture will be key to ensuring these prized aquatic species remain available for future generations.

Here’s a comprehensive list of the top 10 fish feed companies in the world (2025)—featuring their annual revenue, production scale, research initiatives, leadership, and headquarters.

1. Skretting (Nutreco) – Norway

• Annual Revenue: Over $2 billion
• Feed Production: ~2 million tonnes per year
• Research & Innovation: Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre (Stavanger) specializes in sustainable fish feed and precision nutrition.
• CEO: Fulco van Lede (CEO of Nutreco)
• Headquarters: Stavanger, Norway

Skretting is the world’s largest producer of aquafeed, operating across five continents and supplying feeds for more than 60 farmed fish species. The company leads the sector with its sustainability focus and research-backed nutritional strategies.

2. BioMar Group – Denmark

• Annual Revenue: Over $1.5 billion
• Global Reach: Serves customers in 80+ countries
• Research Focus: Sustainable feed ingredients, including insect meal and plant-based proteins
• CEO: Carlos Diaz
• Headquarters: Aarhus, Denmark

BioMar is known for high-performance aquafeed that supports fish health, optimal growth, and environmental sustainability. Its innovation-driven approach makes it a global leader in eco-friendly aquaculture solutions.

3. Aller Aqua – Denmark

• Annual Revenue: Over $500 million
• Export Markets: 60+ countries
• Research Facility: Aller Aqua Research (Germany) focuses on evolving efficient fish feed formulas
• CEO: Hans Erik Bylling
• Headquarters: Christiansfeld, Denmark

Aller Aqua offers a broad product range for over 30 freshwater and marine species, with a strong focus on quality, digestibility, and performance.

4. Ridley Corporation – Australia

• Annual Revenue: Over $800 million
• Production Reach: Operates in 50+ countries
• R&D Highlights: Collaborates with Ridley AgriProducts and CSF Proteins on advanced animal nutrition
• CEO: Quinton Hildebrand
• Headquarters: Melbourne, Australia

Ridley is one of Australia’s leading animal nutrition companies, supporting aquaculture with innovative and locally-adapted feed solutions for diverse species.

5. Zeigler Bros., Inc. – USA

• Annual Revenue: Over $500 million
• Key Species: Tilapia, trout, shrimp, catfish, and more
• R&D Initiatives: Specialized feed for performance, health, and sustainability
• CEO: Michael Zeigler
• Headquarters: Gardners, Pennsylvania, USA

Zeigler Bros. is a trusted aquafeed supplier in North America, known for its commitment to innovation, customized feed formulas, and long-term sustainability goals.

6. Coppens International – Netherlands

• Annual Revenue: Over $300 million
• Specialized Species: Carp, tilapia, catfish
• Research Strengths: Nutritional optimization and performance feeds
• Headquarters: Helmond, Netherlands

Coppens International delivers tailored fish feed that supports welfare and growth, backed by in-depth knowledge of species-specific dietary needs.

7. Dibaq Aquaculture – Spain

• Annual Revenue: Over $200 million
• Target Species: Trout, tilapia, sea bream
• Innovation Focus: Feed additives, premixes, and customized nutrition
• Headquarters: Segovia, Spain

Dibaq Aquaculture is a respected European aquafeed brand, offering high-quality feed solutions that support immune health and growth across warmwater and coldwater species.

8. Guangdong Haid Group – China

• Annual Revenue: Over $1 billion
• Key Products: Tilapia and shrimp feed
• Research: Integrated R&D in fish nutrition and aquaculture productivity
• Headquarters: Guangzhou, China

Haid Group is a top aquafeed company in Asia, driving innovation through modern nutrition science and large-scale feed production facilities.

9. Addcon Aquatic – Germany

• Annual Revenue: Over $100 million
• Focus: Feed additives for fish and shrimp
• Research Areas: Health-boosting and growth-enhancing additives
• Headquarters: Bonn, Germany

Addcon specializes in advanced feed additives that improve fish gut health, immunity, and nutrient uptake—crucial for profitable and sustainable aquaculture.

10. INVE Aquaculture (Benchmark Group) – Belgium

• [Honorable Mention]
• Focus: Hatchery feed solutions, probiotics, and health products
• Innovation: Larval nutrition, microbiome management, and early-stage feed technology
• Headquarters: Dendermonde, Belgium

Although not listed above, INVE Aquaculture deserves mention for its cutting-edge hatchery feeds and health products vital to shrimp and marine fish farming globally.

Why Fish Feed Companies Matter in Sustainable Aquaculture

The fish feed industry is evolving rapidly, integrating:

• Sustainable ingredients (like insect meal and algae)
• Digital precision feeding
• Species-specific nutritional profiles
• Green certifications and traceability

By choosing feeds from industry leaders, fish farmers can improve survival rates, growth performance, and environmental sustainability.

Final Thoughts

These top aquafeed companies in 2025 are shaping the future of global aquaculture through innovation, science, and sustainability. Whether you’re a fish farmer, researcher, or aquaculture entrepreneur, staying informed about these feed giants can help you make smart decisions for your business and the environment.

1. Mowi ASA (Norway)

• Estimated Revenue (2025): $4.5 billion
• Annual Production: Over 800,000 tons of Atlantic salmon
• Research Focus: Sustainability, climate-resilient aquaculture, and eco-friendly farming methods
• CEO: Ivan Vindheim
• Headquarters: Bergen, Norway

Mowi ASA is the world’s largest producer of farmed Atlantic salmon. Known for its commitment to green technology and traceable seafood, Mowi leads the aquaculture industry in Europe and globally.

2. Thai Union Group PCL (Thailand)

• Estimated Revenue (2025): $4.2 billion
• Annual Production: Over 700,000 tons of seafood products
• Research Focus: Sustainable fishing and aquaculture through its SeaChange® initiative
• CEO: Thiraphong Chansiri
• Headquarters: Samut Sakhon, Thailand

Thai Union is a global seafood leader, producing a wide range of value-added products including tuna, shrimp, and ready-to-eat meals. Its environmental and social responsibility programs are models for the seafood sector.

3. Nippon Suisan Kaisha (Nissui) (Japan)

• Estimated Revenue (2025): $6.24 billion
• Annual Production: Extensive marine and aquaculture operations worldwide
• Research Focus: Seafood logistics, global distribution, and sustainable marine resources
• CEO: [Information not publicly available]
• Headquarters: Tokyo, Japan

Also known as Nissui, this Japanese giant is a major force in marine products and aquaculture. Nissui is focused on global seafood solutions, integrating advanced supply chain systems with marine conservation.

4. Lerøy Seafood Group (Norway)

• Estimated Revenue (2025): $2.5 billion
• Annual Production: Over 500,000 tons of salmon, trout, and whitefish
• Research Focus: Responsible and sustainable aquaculture technologies
• CEO: [Information not publicly available]
• Headquarters: Bergen, Norway

Lerøy Seafood is a key player in Norway’s seafood sector. The company emphasizes transparency and innovation in sustainable fish farming practices across Europe and Asia.

5. Cooke Inc. (Canada)

• Estimated Revenue (2025): CA$2.4 billion
• Annual Production: Over 250,000 tons of salmon, scallops, and other seafood
• Research Focus: Sustainability, global aquaculture expansion, and fish health management
• CEO: Glenn Cooke
• Headquarters: Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada

Privately-owned Cooke Inc. is a rapidly expanding aquaculture company with operations in North America, South America, and Europe. Its focus on traceability and animal welfare positions it as a leader in responsible aquaculture.

6. Dongwon Industries (South Korea)

• Estimated Revenue (2025): $2.5 billion
• Annual Production: Major supplier of tuna and seafood products
• Research Focus: Global seafood supply chain, cold chain logistics, and sustainability
• CEO: [Information not publicly available]
• Headquarters: Seoul, South Korea

Dongwon is South Korea’s largest seafood company and a major global tuna supplier. The company combines advanced logistics and aquaculture innovation to meet global seafood demand.

7. Cermaq Group AS (Norway)

• Estimated Revenue (2025): $1.9 billion
• Annual Production: Over 400,000 tons of salmon
• Research Focus: Sustainable aquaculture practices and fish welfare
• CEO: [Information not publicly available]
• Headquarters: Oslo, Norway

Cermaq is a major salmon farming company operating in Norway, Canada, and Chile. It prioritizes science-based management, low-carbon operations, and digital fish health monitoring.

8. Salmones Camanchaca (Chile)

• Estimated Revenue (2025): $1.5 billion
• Annual Production: Over 300,000 tons of salmon
• Research Focus: Environmentally friendly aquaculture systems
• CEO: [Information not publicly available]
• Headquarters: Santiago, Chile

One of Chile’s top salmon exporters, Salmones Camanchaca is recognized for its commitment to low-impact farming and high-quality salmon products.

9. Empresas AquaChile (Chile)

• Estimated Revenue (2025): $827 million
• Annual Production: Leading producer of farmed salmon and trout
• Research Focus: Eco-efficient production and innovation in feed and disease management
• CEO: [Information not publicly available]
• Headquarters: Santiago, Chile

AquaChile is one of Latin America’s largest aquaculture companies, exporting to Europe, North America, and Asia. It combines traditional aquaculture with high-tech farming methods.

10. Grieg Seafood ASA (Norway)

• Estimated Revenue (2025): $600 million
• Annual Production: Specializes in farmed Atlantic salmon
• Research Focus: Environmental stewardship, digital monitoring, and innovation
• CEO: [Information not publicly available]
• Headquarters: Bergen, Norway

Grieg Seafood focuses on minimizing its environmental footprint while increasing efficiency through data-driven aquaculture and sustainable production models.

Conclusion

The top aquaculture companies in 2025 are not only major seafood producers but also leaders in sustainable practices, innovation, and global food security. With advanced technology and a focus on ecological balance, these companies are setting the standard for the future of aquaculture worldwide.

1. Maldives – 87.30 kg per capita

The Maldives stands at the forefront of global fish consumption, with an average of 87.30 kilograms per person annually. This high consumption rate is attributed to the nation’s archipelagic nature, where fishing is not only a primary source of protein but also a cornerstone of cultural identity. Fish, particularly tuna, is integral to Maldivian cuisine, featured in dishes like garudhiya (fish soup) and mas huni (a traditional breakfast dish). The fishing industry, especially tuna fishing, plays a pivotal role in the country’s economy and food security.

2. Iceland – 84.30 kg per capita

Iceland’s position as a leading consumer of fish is a reflection of its rich marine resources and strong fishing industry. With a per capita consumption of 84.30 kilograms annually, Icelanders incorporate a variety of fish into their diets, including cod, haddock, and salmon. Traditional dishes like harðfiskur (dried fish) and plokkfiskur (fish stew) are staples. The country’s commitment to sustainable fishing practices ensures the longevity of its marine resources.

3. Macau – 70.26 kg per capita

Macau, a Special Administrative Region of China, boasts a high per capita fish consumption of 70.26 kilograms. The region’s culinary landscape is heavily influenced by its maritime heritage, with seafood playing a central role in daily meals. Dishes like bacalhau (salted cod) and various shellfish preparations are commonly enjoyed. The proximity to abundant marine resources contributes to the accessibility and popularity of seafood in Macau.

4. Kiribati – 69.22 kg per capita

Kiribati, a Pacific island nation, has a per capita fish consumption of 69.22 kilograms. The nation’s diet is predominantly based on fish, with species like tuna and reef fish being central to daily meals. Fishing is not only a dietary staple but also a vital economic activity, providing livelihoods for the majority of the population. Cultural practices and traditional knowledge play a significant role in sustainable fishing methods.

5. Hong Kong – 65.79 kg per capita

Hong Kong’s status as a global culinary hub is mirrored in its high fish consumption rate of 65.79 kilograms per person annually. The city’s diverse population and rich cultural tapestry have fostered a deep appreciation for seafood, with dishes like dim sum featuring various fish preparations. The bustling seafood markets and numerous fish restaurants underscore the integral role of fish in Hong Kong’s food culture.

6. Portugal – 59.36 kg per capita

Portugal’s extensive coastline and maritime history contribute to its high per capita fish consumption of 59.36 kilograms. Seafood is a cornerstone of Portuguese cuisine, with dishes like bacalhau (salted cod) and grilled sardines being iconic. The nation’s fishing industry supports both domestic consumption and export markets. Cultural traditions and regional specialties further enhance the diversity of seafood offerings.

7. Antigua and Barbuda – 57.12 kg per capita

The Caribbean nation of Antigua and Barbuda has a per capita fish consumption of 57.12 kilograms. With its rich marine biodiversity, seafood is integral to the local diet, featuring prominently in dishes like grilled snapper and seafood stews. Fishing is a traditional activity, and the nation’s coastal communities rely heavily on marine resources for sustenance and economic activities.

8. South Korea – 54.66 kg per capita

South Korea’s per capita fish consumption stands at 54.66 kilograms annually. The nation’s long coastline and rich marine resources have fostered a deep-seated seafood culture. Dishes like kimchi jjigae (spicy seafood stew) and haemul pajeon (seafood pancake) are staples in Korean cuisine. The fishing industry, both wild capture and aquaculture, plays a significant role in meeting domestic demand. abc.azInsider Monkey

9. Malaysia – 53.33 kg per capita

Malaysia, with its diverse culinary traditions, has a per capita fish consumption of 53.33 kilograms. The nation’s coastal regions provide abundant marine resources, making seafood a central component of the diet. Popular dishes include ikan bakar (grilled fish) and asam pedas (spicy fish stew). The fishing industry supports both domestic consumption and export markets.

10. Seychelles – 52.89 kg per capita

Seychelles, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, has a per capita fish consumption of 52.89 kilograms. The nation’s diet is heavily reliant on seafood, with fish like red snapper and tuna being central to daily meals. Fishing is a traditional activity, and the industry plays a vital role in the economy and food security of the country

1. Salmon (Oncorhynchus species)

• Composition (per 100g, raw):
  • Water: 65–70%
  • Protein: 20–25%
  • Fat: 10–15%
  • Ash: ~1–2%

• Nutritional Advantages:
  Salmon is especially valued for its rich concentration of omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for cardiovascular function. Additionally, it’s a robust source of vitamin D and provides ample selenium and B-complex vitamins.
• Health Contributions:
  • Lowers inflammation and supports heart function
  • Aids brain performance and mental health
  • Contributes to stronger bones and skin health

2. Mackerel (Scomber scombrus)

• Composition:
  • Water: 65–70%
  • Protein: 20–22%
  • Fat: 15–20%
  • Ash: ~1–2%
• Key Nutrients:
  Mackerel contains significant amounts of healthy fats, particularly EPA and DHA. It’s also a rich source of vitamin D, niacin, and selenium.
• Benefits:
  • Improves heart rhythm and lipid profile
  • Supports brain health and may lower Alzheimer’s risk
  • Helps maintain skin elasticity and immune defense

3. Sardines (Sardina pilchardus)

• Composition:
  • Water: 60–65%
  • Protein: 25–30%
  • Fat: 10–15%
  • Ash: ~1–2%
• Nutritional Attributes:
  Sardines are nutrient-dense, providing omega-3s, calcium (due to edible bones), and vitamin D. They are also an excellent source of vitamin B12.
• Health Effects:
  • Strengthens bones and teeth
  • Boosts cardiovascular and metabolic function
  • Aids neurological health and prevents fatigue

4. Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

• Composition:
  • Water: 70–75%
  • Protein: 20–25%
  • Fat: 5–10%
  • Ash: ~1–2%
• Nutrient Value:
  Rainbow trout is a lean yet oily fish with respectable levels of omega-3s and B vitamins, especially B12, along with trace minerals such as selenium and phosphorus.
• Health Uses:
  • Reduces blood pressure and artery inflammation
  • Supports brain and nerve tissue
  • Encourages energy metabolism and immune strength

5. Herring (Clupea harengus)

• Composition:
  • Water: 65–70%
  • Protein: 20–25%
  • Fat: 15–20%
  • Ash: ~1–2%
• Nutritional Content:
  Known for its high omega-3 profile, herring is also a great source of vitamin D and several B vitamins.
• Health Contributions:
  • Enhances heart rhythm and reduces plaque buildup
  • Protects cognitive ability with anti-inflammatory effects
  • Provides essential nutrients for skin and immune function

6. Cod (Gadus morhua)

• Composition:
  • Water: 80–85%
  • Protein: 15–20%
  • Fat: 1–2%
  • Ash: ~1–2%
• Nutrient Profile:
  A lean, white fish that is low in fat, cod offers clean protein and notable amounts of B vitamins, particularly B6 and B12, along with selenium.
• Health Advantages:
  • Aids muscle repair with lean protein
  • Low in cholesterol and saturated fat
  • Boosts metabolic rate and cognitive function

7. Tilapia (Oreochromis species)

• Composition:
  • Water: 80–85%
  • Protein: 20–25%
  • Fat: 2–3%
  • Ash: ~1–2%
• Dietary Merits:
  Tilapia is a versatile fish that provides good-quality protein with minimal fat. It also supplies niacin, vitamin B12, and minerals like phosphorus.
• Health Roles:
  • Builds lean muscle mass
  • Contributes to metabolic and immune efficiency
  • Helps maintain healthy skin and bones

8. Catfish (Siluriformes family)

• Composition:
  • Water: 75–80%
  • Protein: 15–20%
  • Fat: 5–10%
  • Ash: ~1–2%
• Nutritional Elements:
  A moderate-fat fish, catfish contains healthy fats and a full profile of essential amino acids. It is a good source of vitamin B12 and phosphorus.
• Health Benefits:
  • Promotes cardiovascular health and brain vitality
  • Supports muscle growth and energy conversion
  • Reinforces skeletal strength and nervous system health

9. Snapper (Lutjanidae family)

• Composition:
  • Water: 70–75%
  • Protein: 20–25%
  • Fat: 5–10%
  • Ash: ~1–2%
• Nutritional Significance:
  Snapper provides a solid balance of protein and essential micronutrients like selenium, vitamin B12, and magnesium.
• Health Highlights:
  • Contributes to heart function with low saturated fat
  • Supports red blood cell production and oxygen transport
  • Aids in stress regulation and muscle coordination

10. Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

• Composition:
  • Water: 75–80%
  • Protein: 20–25%
  • Fat: 5–10%
  • Ash: ~1–2%
• Dietary Properties:
  Halibut is a firm, white fish rich in high-quality protein, niacin, phosphorus, and B12, with a modest fat content.
• Health Advantages:
  • Enhances muscular and immune resilience
  • Promotes nerve and brain function
  • Aids in cellular repair and metabolic balance

Conclusion

Fish are among the most nutrient-dense food sources available, offering high-quality proteins, essential fatty acids (particularly omega-3s), vitamins such as B12 and D, and vital minerals like selenium and phosphorus. The top fish discussed—ranging from oily varieties like salmon, sardines, and mackerel, to lean options like cod and tilapia—cater to diverse dietary needs and health goals.

Incorporating a variety of these fish into the diet can:

• Improve cardiovascular and brain function
• Reduce inflammation
• Strengthen bones and immune defenses
• Provide a sustainable, high-protein alternative to red meats

For optimal health benefits, it’s advisable to consume fish 2–3 times per week, considering both nutritional value and sustainability in selection

1. Introduction
2. Core Components of AI and IoT in Aquaculture
   • IoT Sensors
   • Artificial Intelligence Algorithms
   • Connectivity Infrastructure
   • Data Storage and Cloud Computing
3. Applications in Aquaculture and Fisheries
   • Smart Feeding Systems
   • Water Quality Monitoring
   • Disease Detection and Management
   • Fish Behavior Monitoring
   • Biomass Estimation
   • Automation and Robotics
4. Challenges in Implementation
   • Environmental Variability
   • High Initial Costs
   • Data Privacy and Security
   • Technical Expertise Requirements
5. Future Directions
   • Real-Time Adaptability
   • Species-Specific Models
   • Edge Computing Integration
   • Blockchain for Traceability
   • Renewable Energy Integration
6. Conclusion

1. Introduction

The global aquaculture and fisheries industry is increasingly turning to digital solutions to meet the growing demand for sustainable food sources. Among the most transformative technologies are Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). These tools enable real-time monitoring, intelligent decision-making, and automation of fish farming operations, leading to increased productivity and better resource management. Together, AI and IoT create what’s now known as AIoT—a smart, connected framework revolutionizing aquaculture.

2. Foundational Components of AI and IoT in Aquaculture

2.1 IoT Devices and Sensors

IoT systems in aquaculture are composed of various environmental and biological sensors that collect continuous data such as:

• Water temperature: Vital for metabolic processes and breeding cycles.
• Dissolved oxygen: Critical for fish respiration.
• pH and salinity: Key for maintaining a healthy aquatic environment.
• Ammonia and nitrite levels: Early indicators of water contamination.
• Light intensity and turbidity: Useful in larval rearing and pond management.

These sensors are often deployed in ponds, cages, or tanks and transmit real-time data to central processing units or cloud platforms.

2.2 Artificial Intelligence Modules

AI enhances the utility of data gathered from IoT sensors. It involves:

• Machine learning (ML): Trains models to detect water quality issues or predict disease outbreaks.
• Deep learning (DL): Uses neural networks to interpret complex data like fish behavior or underwater video footage.
• Predictive analytics: Provides forecasts for parameters like biomass, feed needs, and environmental risks.

AI allows aquaculture systems to become self-regulating and adaptive over time.

2.3 Data Communication Infrastructure

A reliable network architecture is essential for seamless data transmission. This includes:

• Wireless sensor networks (WSNs): Connect sensors to gateways for centralized monitoring.
• Wi-Fi, LoRaWAN, or cellular connectivity: Facilitates long-range and cost-effective communication.
• Edge computing units: Enable faster, on-site processing of critical data to reduce reliance on the cloud.

2.4 Data Management and Cloud Integration

Collected data is stored and processed through:

• Cloud storage: For centralized data logging and remote access.
• Big data analytics tools: For complex data processing and trend identification.
• Visualization dashboards: That help farm managers make informed decisions quickly.

3. Key Applications of AI and IoT in Aquaculture and Fisheries

3.1 Automated Feeding Systems

One of the most popular uses of AIoT in aquaculture is smart feeding. These systems use cameras and sensors to detect feeding behavior and automate feed delivery accordingly:

• Reduce feed waste
• Enhance fish growth
• Cut costs by optimizing feed quantity and timing

3.2 Water Quality Surveillance

IoT-enabled sensors continuously monitor water parameters. Alerts are generated when abnormal conditions are detected, allowing:

• Early intervention to prevent fish stress or mortality
• Data logging for regulatory compliance
• Efficient water management to ensure sustainability

3.3 Disease Monitoring and Prediction

AI tools analyze historical and real-time data to flag early signs of disease. Techniques include:

• Image recognition for skin lesions or abnormal movements
• Pattern analysis from environmental data
• Integration with diagnostic biosensors

These capabilities allow rapid response, reducing the need for antibiotics and minimizing outbreaks.

3.4 Behavioral Analysis and Fish Welfare

Using underwater cameras and AI-based video analytics, farms can:

• Identify abnormal swimming patterns
• Track aggression or crowding
• Monitor feeding response and general well-being

Such monitoring helps ensure humane treatment and optimize tank or cage design.

3.5 Biomass and Yield Estimation

Smart imaging tools and sonar devices help estimate fish population and weight without manual handling. This data supports:

• Accurate feed planning
• Inventory management
• Forecasting harvest schedules

3.6 Robotics and Automation

The integration of robotics with AI offers solutions such as:

• Autonomous vehicles for pond or cage cleaning
• Robotic arms for sorting or sampling fish
• Drones for aerial surveillance of farm infrastructure

4. Implementation Barriers and Considerations

Despite its benefits, AIoT deployment in aquaculture faces several hurdles:

4.1 Environmental Complexity

Natural variability in aquatic environments affects sensor accuracy and AI model consistency. Solutions include:

• Continuous model retraining
• Sensor calibration and redundancy
• Environmental simulation tools for testing

4.2 High Initial Costs

Installing sensors, networking equipment, and software solutions involves upfront investments. However, over time:

• Operational efficiency improves
• Labor costs reduce
• Feed use becomes more precise

Governments and funding agencies are increasingly supporting smallholders through subsidies and grants.

4.3 Data Management and Security

With large volumes of sensitive data being transferred and stored:

• Data encryption is essential
• Secure access controls must be enforced
• Regular cybersecurity audits are needed

4.4 Technical Skills Shortage

Skilled personnel are needed to operate AIoT systems. Addressing this gap involves:

• Training programs for fish farmers
• Simplified user interfaces
• Remote tech support

5. Emerging Trends and Future Directions

5.1 Adaptive AI and Self-Learning Systems

AI systems are evolving to become:

• Context-aware: Adjusting parameters based on dynamic conditions
• Predictive: Providing actionable insights before issues occur
• Autonomous: Requiring minimal human intervention

5.2 Customization for Specific Species

Tailored models for different fish or shellfish species can offer:

• Species-specific feeding algorithms
• Disease prediction tuned to unique symptoms
• Habitat preference modeling

5.3 Edge and Fog Computing

Rather than sending all data to a cloud platform, edge computing enables:

• Faster processing near the data source
• Reduced internet dependency
• Enhanced privacy and security

5.4 Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency

Blockchain integration can improve:

• Traceability from pond to plate
• Consumer confidence in product origin
• Anti-fraud mechanisms in export markets

5.5 Renewable Energy Integration

Smart aquaculture systems are increasingly being powered by:

• Solar panels
• Wind energy
• Hybrid microgrids

This supports off-grid operations and reduces carbon footprints.

6. Final Conclusion and Recommendations

The synergy between Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things is reshaping how aquaculture and fisheries are managed. From automated feeding to disease prediction and real-time water quality monitoring, AIoT technologies offer unparalleled precision, efficiency, and sustainability.

Key Takeaways:

• AIoT systems improve yield while reducing costs and environmental impact.
• Real-time decision-making supports fish welfare and prevents losses.
• Future advancements will focus on personalization, decentralization (edge computing), and renewable integration.

Recommendations:

• Encourage industry-wide adoption by lowering costs through open-source platforms.
• Develop public-private partnerships to expand training and infrastructure.
• Focus R&D on species-specific models and integration with green technologies.

By adopting AI and IoT technologies, aquaculture operations can evolve into intelligent systems that not only meet the rising demand for aquatic products but also ensure environmental and economic sustainability for future generations.

Aquaculture has ascended to a position of paramount importance in the global food system, playing an increasingly vital role in meeting the nutritional demands of a growing world population. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that in 2020, aquaculture contributed to 50% of the total global seafood production, accounting for 88 million metric tons out of 178 million metric tons.¹ This substantial contribution underscores the sector’s critical role in ensuring food security and highlights the significance of scientific advancements that underpin its sustainable and efficient development. With the global demand for food projected to continue its upward trajectory, the onus falls on aquaculture to expand responsibly and sustainably to meet these needs.¹ The ongoing progress and future potential of aquaculture are inextricably linked to the pioneering work of scientists dedicated to unraveling its complexities and driving innovation. This report aims to identify and profile the top 10 best-known scientists who have made seminal contributions to the aquaculture sector, providing a comprehensive overview of their expertise, groundbreaking innovations, and far-reaching impact on the field. By examining their work, this report seeks to offer valuable insights for industry stakeholders, academic researchers, and policymakers alike, fostering a deeper understanding of the scientific landscape that shapes the future of sustainable seafood production.

2. Criteria for Identifying Top Scientists

The identification of the top 10 best-known scientists in the aquaculture sector necessitates the establishment of clear and objective criteria to evaluate their influence and impact. Several key factors have been considered in this assessment. Firstly, research impact is a crucial indicator, gauged by the number of publications in peer-reviewed journals, the frequency with which their work is cited by other researchers, and recognition as Highly Cited Researchers.⁴ For instance, the consistent recognition of Eddie Allison from WorldFish among the top 0.1% of researchers for three consecutive years, based on the citation frequency of his publications, underscores his significant influence within the scientific community.⁷ Secondly, significant contributions and innovations play a pivotal role. This includes the development of novel technologies, methodologies, or best practices that have demonstrably advanced the field of aquaculture.⁴ Examples range from Professor Amaya Albalat’s research on optimizing stunning methods in crustaceans ⁴ to Professor Mags Crumlish’s pioneering work in aquatic disease management ⁴ and Professor Amir Sagi’s groundbreaking advancements in monosex prawn culture.²⁰ Furthermore, research that directly addresses critical challenges facing the aquaculture industry, such as disease outbreaks, the need for sustainable feeds, and minimizing environmental impact, is also a key consideration.¹ Thirdly, leadership roles within major aquaculture organizations, research institutions, or academic departments signify a scientist’s broader influence on the direction of research and development in the sector.⁵ The directorship of Professor Mohammad Pourkazemi at the Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute ⁵ and Lisa Milke’s leadership of the Ecosystems and Aquaculture Division at NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center ²⁶ exemplify this criterion. Participation in advisory boards and the chairing of committees related to aquaculture science and policy further underscore a scientist’s impact.⁴ Finally, overall recognition within the aquaculture community is assessed through the receipt of prestigious awards or honors ¹⁴ and frequent mentions in industry publications, reports, and at prominent conferences.⁴ Professor Amir Sagi’s Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to aquaculture biotechnology serves as a testament to such recognition.²⁰ These multifaceted criteria, encompassing research impact, significant contributions, leadership, and overall recognition, provide a robust framework for identifying the top scientists who have indelibly shaped the aquaculture sector.

3. Profiles of the Top 10 Best-Known Scientists in Aquaculture

Based on a comprehensive analysis of the provided information, the following individuals have been identified as among the top 10 best-known scientists in the aquaculture sector:

• Professor Rosamond Naylor: A distinguished figure in global environmental policy and the founding Director of the Center on Food Security and the Environment at Stanford University, Professor Naylor’s research has significantly influenced the understanding of aquaculture’s sustainability. Her work, including a 2001 study that highlighted the challenges of the aquaculture sector’s reliance on wild fish for feed, has spurred critical discussions and motivated the industry towards more sustainable practices.³⁰ A 2021 retrospective review she co-authored in Nature demonstrated the substantial growth of freshwater aquaculture and the industry’s progress in reducing its dependence on wild fish for feed by 50% through innovations in feeds and genetics.² Her leadership as co-chair of The Blue Food Assessment further underscores her commitment to integrating nutrition, equity, justice, and environmental priorities within aquatic food systems.³⁰ Her extensive publications and involvement in numerous advisory roles highlight her profound impact on shaping sustainable aquaculture policies and practices globally.³¹
• Professor David Little: Currently the Chair of Aquatic Resource Development at the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Professor Little possesses over 40 years of professional experience in the aquaculture sector. His research and educational interests are centered on the societal impacts of aquaculture and the increasing importance of seafood within global food systems.³² As part of the Aquaculture Systems research group at Stirling, he has coordinated a wide array of research projects, particularly focusing on Asia and Africa, addressing the crucial role of aquaculture in food security and rural livelihoods.² His extensive publications and involvement in expert reviews and consultations with organizations like the FAO and WWF demonstrate his significant contributions to promoting sustainable intensification and responsible aquaculture practices worldwide.³²
• Dr. Ronald Hardy: With a distinguished career culminating at the University of Idaho’s Aquaculture Research Institute in 2020, Dr. Hardy is globally recognized for his significant contributions to fish nutrition and feed production technology. His extensive research, documented in over 300 publications, has focused on optimizing feed formulations to meet the nutritional requirements of various aquaculture species.² His work has been instrumental in the development of sustainable and cost-effective feed alternatives, including the exploration of insect lipids as a replacement for traditional energy sources in fish diets.¹⁵ Dr. Hardy’s accolades, including the World Aquaculture Society’s Honorary Lifetime Membership and a presidential appointment to the National Agricultural Research Board, underscore his profound impact on advancing the science of aquaculture nutrition.¹⁴
• Professor Amir Sagi: A professor of life sciences at Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Professor Sagi is a leading expert in crustacean biology, physiology, endocrinology, and functional genomics. His groundbreaking research has transformed the understanding and control of reproduction and growth in commercially important decapod crustaceans.²² Notably, his discovery of the Insulin-like Androgenic Gland (IAG) hormone has revolutionized sexual plasticity research in prawns, leading to the development of highly efficient monosex culture systems that significantly boost global prawn yields.²⁰ These non-GMO biotechnologies, including temporal RNA interference (RNAi), are now applied in several countries across Southeast Asia.²⁰ Professor Sagi’s receipt of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the ACEEU Asia-Pacific Triple E Awards in 2024 recognizes his transformative contributions to aquaculture biotechnology over the past two decades.²⁰
• Professor Ingrid Olesen: A professor and senior scientist with over 30 years of experience in animal breeding and genetics, Professor Olesen has been actively involved in aquaculture research since 1997. Her work at Nofima and the Norwegian University of Life Sciences has focused on key areas such as genetic parameters, selection strategies, genetic disease resistance, and breeding objectives in aquaculture species.⁵ She has led numerous research projects funded by the Norwegian Research Council and participated in several EU projects, contributing significantly to the advancement of genetic technologies in aquaculture.⁵ Her extensive publication record and her role as Vice Chair of the FAO’s Advisory Working Group on Aquatic Genetic Resources highlight her international standing and influence in shaping responsible genetic resource management in aquaculture.⁵
• Professor Mags Crumlish: A professor at the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Professor Crumlish has established a global reputation for her work on aquatic bacterial diseases and diagnostics. Her research focuses on identifying and understanding the pathogenesis of bacterial infections that impact a wide range of fish and shrimp farming systems.⁴ She is currently leading projects aimed at developing vaccines against antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture, seeking sustainable alternatives to antibiotics.³⁴ Beyond her scientific contributions, Professor Crumlish has also demonstrated leadership in promoting gender equity in STEM, chairing the IoA’s successful Athena SWAN Bronze Award.⁴ Her extensive publications and active involvement in addressing critical issues like antimicrobial resistance underscore her significant impact on safeguarding the health and sustainability of the aquaculture industry.³⁴
• Professor Sonia Rey-Planellas: Also a professor at the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Professor Rey-Planellas’ research centers on fish behavior and welfare, challenging conventional approaches to aquaculture system design. Her work has demonstrated the importance of considering individual personalities and behavioral traits of fish in aquaculture to enhance stress resilience, immune function, and growth performance.⁴ By incorporating behavioral science into aquaculture, her research has influenced the development of welfare-enhancing production systems.⁴ She has been involved in numerous projects focused on improving fish welfare status across the EU and has contributed to the development of Operational Welfare Indicators for use in fish farming.³⁵ Her leadership roles, including previously chairing the IoA’s EDI Committee ⁴, highlight her commitment to advancing both the science and ethical practices within aquaculture.
• Associate Professor Mónica Betancor: An Associate Professor at the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Dr. Betancor is at the forefront of sustainable aquafeed innovation. Her research tackles one of aquaculture’s most pressing challenges: reducing the reliance on marine-derived ingredients in fish feed.⁴ Her work focuses on identifying and evaluating alternative feed ingredients and optimizing dietary fatty acids and lipids to ensure the health and welfare of farmed fish.³⁶ Her research has explored the potential of high-EPA oil from transgenic Camelina sativa in feeds for Atlantic salmon, demonstrating her commitment to finding environmentally sound and nutritionally effective feed solutions.⁴ Her contributions are crucial for the long-term sustainability and environmental footprint of the aquaculture sector.
• Dr. Eddie Allison: A Principal Scientist at WorldFish with over 30 years of experience in academia and public policy, Dr. Allison is a highly influential figure in the field of aquatic food systems. His interdisciplinary research addresses the crucial role of diverse aquatic foods and food systems approaches in achieving sustainable development goals, with a particular focus on livelihoods, climate change adaptation, and sustainable fisheries and aquaculture development.⁷ Recognized as one of the top 0.1% most cited researchers globally for three consecutive years, his work has significantly influenced public policy in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Oceania, Latin America, North America, and Europe.⁷ His advisory roles to the High-Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy and the non-profit Oceana further underscore his global impact on promoting sustainable practices in the aquatic food sector.³⁷
• Professor Daniel Pauly: While perhaps more widely recognized for his contributions to fisheries science and his critical work on the impact of fisheries on marine ecosystems, Professor Pauly’s extensive research and influence within aquatic sciences make him a significant figure relevant to aquaculture as well.³⁹ As the founder of FishBase, a comprehensive online encyclopedia of fish, and a key developer of the Ecopath software for modeling aquatic ecosystems, his work provides foundational tools and knowledge that are also utilized in aquaculture research and management.⁴¹ His long-standing advocacy for ocean conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, including critiques of certain aquaculture practices, has undoubtedly shaped the broader discourse around responsible aquaculture development.⁴² His prolific publication record and numerous prestigious awards solidify his position as a highly influential scientist in the broader aquatic realm, with significant implications for the aquaculture sector.

Table 1: Top 10 Best-Known Scientists in Aquaculture

4. Notable Mentions and Emerging Leaders

Beyond the top 10, several other scientists have made significant contributions to specific areas within aquaculture. Fred Page at DFO Centre for Integrated Aquaculture Science has conducted important research on the environmental management of aquaculture, particularly focusing on water circulation and exchange between fish farms.²⁴ Gehan Mabrouk at the North Atlantic Fisheries Centre is working on ensuring the sustainable and ecosystem-based expansion of the aquaculture industry in Newfoundland.²⁴ The briefing featuring Jesse Trushenski, Don Kent, Guillaume Salze, and Tyler Sclodnick highlighted advancements in science and technology for more sustainable aquaculture.²⁸ Scientists at the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) in the UK, including Simon Jennings and Gordon H. Copp, are highly ranked in ecology and evolution, suggesting their research has broader implications for aquatic ecosystems relevant to aquaculture.⁶ Mike Acquafredda’s work on integrated multi-trophic aquaculture at NOAA’s Howard Lab demonstrates innovative approaches to sustainable practices.¹⁷ Benjamin Reading’s research on striped bass aquaculture at NC State University is contributing to the advancement of this specific sector.⁴³ The involvement of Rosamond Naylor, David Little, and Ronald Hardy in the 20-year retrospective on aquaculture progress underscores their continued influence in the field.² Amir Sagi’s collaborative research with U.S. scientists, funded by BARD, highlights the international impact of his work.²⁰ Edwin Solares, Jackson Gross, and Adam Summers’ work on applying AI technology to fish farming represents an emerging trend in aquaculture technology.¹⁸ Wagner Valenti’s listing among the top 2% of influential scientists in 2021 signifies his growing recognition within the field.⁹ Researchers at the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) in Norway, such as Kristin Hamre and Kevin Glover, are recognized as top researchers in fisheries, a closely related field.¹¹ These individuals, among others mentioned in the research, represent a diverse range of expertise and contribute to the ongoing advancements in aquaculture science and technology.

5. Analysis of Key Research Areas and Trends

The work of the identified scientists and others in the field underscores several key research areas and emerging trends shaping the future of aquaculture. Sustainability is a dominant theme, driven by the increasing global demand for seafood and growing environmental consciousness. Research efforts are focused on reducing the reliance on marine-derived ingredients in aquafeeds, as exemplified by the work of Mónica Betancor.⁴ The development of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture systems, as explored by Mike Acquafredda, offers promising avenues for more sustainable farming practices.¹⁷ Furthermore, research into sustainable feed alternatives, utilizing waste products from other industries, is gaining traction.²⁵ The overarching goal is to minimize the “fish-in:fish-out” ratio, making aquaculture a net contributor to global protein supply, a key focus of Rosamond Naylor’s research.²

Disease management and fish health remain critical areas of research. The work of Mags Crumlish on aquatic bacterial diseases and the development of vaccines against antimicrobial resistance is essential for ensuring the economic viability and environmental responsibility of aquaculture.⁴ Understanding stress physiology, as investigated by Amaya Albalat, is crucial for improving fish welfare and resilience to disease.⁴ Research on specific health issues, such as heart diseases in farmed fish, also contributes to better management practices.²⁵

Genetic improvements and breeding technologies are playing an increasingly important role in enhancing the productivity and sustainability of aquaculture. The application of genetics to improve disease resistance and growth rates, a focus of Ingrid Olesen and John Benzie’s work, is leading to more robust and efficient farmed species.⁵ The development of monosex culture systems for species like prawns, pioneered by Amir Sagi, can significantly increase production efficiency.²⁰ The use of genomic resources to support selective breeding programs, as highlighted by Benjamin Reading’s work, further advances these efforts.⁴⁷

Innovative feed technologies and nutrition are crucial for reducing the environmental impact and cost of aquaculture. Research into alternative feed ingredients, such as those explored by Mónica Betancor and Ronald Hardy, aims to lessen the dependence on wild-caught fish.² Optimizing the nutritional content of feeds to meet the specific needs of farmed species is also a key area of investigation.¹⁵

Several emerging trends are also shaping the future of aquaculture research. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning for tasks like fish sex determination, as demonstrated by the work of Edwin Solares, Jackson Gross, and Adam Summers, promises to improve efficiency and reduce costs.¹⁸ The development of non-lethal methods for assessing fish health and reproductive quality, as undertaken by NIST, offers new tools for better management practices.¹ The increasing interest in integrated aquaculture systems, combining the farming of different species to create more sustainable and resilient ecosystems, is evident in the work of Mike Acquafredda and Wagner Valenti.⁹ These diverse research areas and emerging trends highlight the dynamic and evolving nature of aquaculture science, driven by the need to enhance sustainability, efficiency, and responsible practices within the sector.

6. Conclusion

The top 10 scientists profiled in this report represent a diverse array of expertise and have collectively made profound contributions to the advancement of the aquaculture sector. Their research spans critical areas such as sustainable aquaculture practices, disease management, genetic improvements, innovative feed technologies, and a deeper understanding of aquatic ecosystems. The work of Professor Rosamond Naylor, Professor David Little, and Dr. Ronald Hardy has been instrumental in shaping the discourse around sustainability and nutritional aspects of aquaculture. Professor Amir Sagi’s groundbreaking work in crustacean biology has revolutionized prawn aquaculture. Professor Ingrid Olesen and Professor John Benzie have significantly advanced the application of genetics to improve farmed species. Professor Mags Crumlish and Professor Sonia Rey-Planellas have made invaluable contributions to fish health and welfare. Associate Professor Mónica Betancor is at the forefront of developing sustainable aquafeed solutions. Dr. Eddie Allison’s interdisciplinary research has had a global impact on aquatic food systems policy. While primarily known for fisheries, Professor Daniel Pauly’s foundational work in aquatic science provides essential tools and knowledge relevant to aquaculture.

The collective impact of these scientists extends beyond their individual research findings. Their work has informed policy decisions, driven industry innovation, and mentored the next generation of aquaculture researchers. By addressing key challenges such as environmental sustainability, disease prevention, and efficient production, their contributions are vital for ensuring the future of aquaculture as a sustainable source of seafood and a crucial component of global food security. The ongoing research and dedication of these and other leading scientists in the field will continue to shape the trajectory of aquaculture, paving the way for a more resilient, responsible, and productive industry that can meet the growing global demand for nutritious and sustainably produced seafood.

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